dopaminergic systems + treatment

enteral

gastric system

parental

not through the gastric system

bioavailability

the proportion of a drug that reaches the circulatory system

lipid soluble

these types of molecules can pass the BBB

serotonin

mood, motivation, dampening pain signals

BDNF

brain-derived neurotropic factor. can track new synapses. required for neurogenesis or neurosynaptogenesis

dopamine pathway

serotonin affects _

nucleus accumbens amygdala septum ventra tegmental area

mesolimbic system

limbic cortex prefrontal neocortex

mesocortical

males

schizophrenia is more prevalent in

45-50%

monozygotic twins concordance rate

10-17%

dizygotic twins concordance rate

50%

if both your parents have schizophrenia, there’s a _ chance you’ll have it

nigrostriatal system

Parkinson’s affects the _

hyperdomainergic theory

schizophrenia is affected by dopamine. if we reduce dopamine, we’ll reduce dopamine in other systems and cause Parkinson’s

conventional antipsychotics

target dopamine. dopamine antagonist. most first generation blocked post synaptic receptors. some binded to autoreceptors. not all dopamine receptors are involved in hyperactivity

D2

treatments that worked the best for schizophrenia bind to the _ receptors

don’t

hyperdopaminergic activity at the D2 receptors _ affect negative symptoms of schizophrenia

atypical antipsychotics

target catecholamines

substantia nigra and dorsal straitum

Parkinson’s affects the _

L-dopa theory

give people L-dopa and the astrocytes will push the L-dope to other areas of the brain. increases synthesis of neurotransmitter. agonist.

dopamine toxicity

reduces the cells in the pathway and stresses the cell out. when the cells die, nothing can really do the cell’s job. if you’re doing this for a long time, patients start to develop positive symptoms of schizophrenia

deep brain stimulation

place electrode in brain. pulse is generated by exernal sourse. reduces tremors but reduces fine motor movements.

thalamus subthalamic nucleus

electrodes are placed in _ or

intercranial self-stimulation

mice stimulate brain through microdialysis. canulas implanted into tegmental area of nucleus accombans

reward prediction model

incentive-sensitization theory. cue is given but reward is not. results in cravings.

physical dependence

change in the amount of dopamine in the brain

positive incentive theory

taking something, liking it, then needing more after your brain adjusts

positive incentive value

how much you crave something, how it’ll make you feel better. causes drug-seeking behavior. increases over time

hedonic value

how rewarding the drug is. how high you get. decreases over time

compensatory mechanism

brain will naturally upregulate. decrease neurotransmitters. later, receptors become more sensitive

conditioned drug tolerance

can handle higher levels of the drug when you have a cue. tries to overcome compensatory mechanisms. individual will increase dose

nucleus accumbens

activates during initial drug taking

prefrontal cortex

decreases firing. inhibits the likelihood of drug-taking habits. you are less likely to develop drug-taking habits later in life because of this

non-drug reinforcers

positive reinforcement. social interaction. stickers. walks. hikes