Chapter 4: Genes and Cellular Function

These flashcards cover key terms and concepts from Chapter 4 regarding genes and cellular function, suitable for exam preparation.

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

A long, thread-like molecule that carries genetic information in cells.

Chromosome

A structure composed of DNA and proteins, containing genetic information.

Gene

A segment of DNA coding for the synthesis of a specific protein.

Genome

All the genes in one individual; roughly 20,000 genes in humans.

Mendelian Genetics

A branch of genetics that deals with the patterns of inheritance and variation.

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

A molecule similar to DNA that plays a crucial role in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.

Transcription

The process of copying genetic instructions from DNA to mRNA.

Translation

The process of converting the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis.

Polynucleotide

A polymer consisting of numerous nucleotide monomers; includes DNA and RNA.

Mutation

A change in the DNA structure that can lead to genetic variation or disease.