SBI3U - U1 Origins, Prokaryotes, Viruses and Immune System Practice Test

*SBI3U UNIT 1 feb. 2024 abx: antibiotics * M/C from feb. 2023 tests at the beginning of the knowt

*Which of the following organisms first gave Earth it’s oxygen-containing atmosphere 

a.	cyanobacteria
b.	early protozoans
c.	methanogens
d.	plants
e.	green algae

a.	cyanobacteria

*Which of the following is NOT true

a.	some scientists suggest that meteorites and comets seeded earth with organic molecules
b.	from the time of the ancient Greeks until the nineteenth century, it was widely accepted that life are from non-living matter on a regular and continuing basis.
c.	the earliest life was much simpler than anything living today
d.	deep ocean vents seem to be the most likely candidates for where protocols first arose.
e.	the first life on Earth likely appeared four million years ago.

e.	the first life on Earth likely appeared four million years ago.

*If the atmosphere of the early Earth had been oxidizes instead of reducing, life might never have arisen. What is the main reason for this?

a.	aerobic respiration is too complex to have been invented by the earliest organisms
b.	the carbon dioxide to form carbon compounds would have been absent from an oxidizing atmosphere
c.	oxygen is corrosive and tends to destroy organic compounds by stripping off electrons; a reducing atmosphere tends to add electrons and thus fosters the buildup of organic compounds
d.	atmospheric oxygen would have created an ozone layer, which would blocked out the ultraviolet light essential for the prebiotic synthesis of organic molecules

d.	atmospheric oxygen would have created an ozone layer, which would blocked out the ultraviolet light essential for the prebiotic synthesis of organic molecules

*Which of the following is NOT true?

a.	bioremediation is the use of prokaryotes (and other organisms) to clean up pollution
b.	prokaryotic decomposers are the mainstays of human sewage-treatment facilities
c.	archaea convert nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere into nitrogen gas that plants can take up and use.
d.	there are more beneficial bacteria than disease causing
e.	bacteria can evolve antibiotic resistance within two weeks

c.	archaea convert nitrogen compounds from the atmosphere into nitrogen gas that plants can take up and use.

*the term for a closer association between two or more species is

a.	symbiosis
b.	interdependence
c.	associative living
d.	colonialism
e.	mutualism

a.

symbiosis

*normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body

a.	are naturally resistant to antibiotics
b.	are able to outcompetes some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body’s defence mechanisms
c.	can be transformed into pathogenic forms if a person’s resistance to disease is low
d.	are unable to survive the human body’s defence mechanisms
e.	none of the above

b.	are able to outcompetes some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body’s defence mechanisms

*which of the following organisms are targets for viruses ?

a.	animals
b.	bacteria
c.	plants
d.	a) and c)
e.	a) and b)

d.

a) and c)

*which of the following is false?

a.	all viruses have capsids made of proteins
b.	the virus uses either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both
c.	all viruses are phage viruses
d.	viruses can be replicated only after they enter a living cell
e.	an infected person will display visible symptoms

c.	all viruses are phage viruses

*the envelope of an enveloped virus

a.	is then made from the host cell membrane
b.	is coded for by viral genes
c.	helps the virus insert its DNA into the host cell genome
d.	mutates rapidly, thereby helping the virus evade an immune response
e.	accounts for viruses’ resistance to abx

a.	is then made from the host cell membrane (I think)

*mutant and cancerous cells are destroyed by which cells?

a.	helper T
b.	memory
c.	macrophages
d.	cytotoxic T
e.	plasma B

d.	cytotoxic T (killer T)

*successful inculcation against smallpox used

a.	scabs from smallpox sores
b.	pus and exudates from open smallpox sores
c.	blood from a person who had become immune to smallpox
d.	material from a cowpox sore
e.	all of the above

d.	material from a cowpox sore

*which statement is NOT true

a.	when an invading bacterium is destroyed by a macrophage, its antigens are preserved and presented on the macrophage’s cell membrane.
b.	antibodies attack and destroy invading antigens
c.	helper T cells recognize both the MHC and antigens on the surface of macrophages
d.	self-cells have MHC markers
e.	helper T cells help the cells of th immune system communicate with each other

b.	antibodies attack and destroy invading antigens (they mark them for destruction)

*which of the following can be effective in preventing viral infection in humans

a.	taking abx
b.	getting vaccinated
c.	applying antibacterial cream
d.	both a) and b)
e.	both a) and c)

b.	getting vaccinated

*gram positive bacteria react to which of the following whereas gram negative bacteria do not?

a.	presence of oxygen
b.	presence of chemical stain
c.	presence of light
d.	absence of carbohydrates
e.	presence of magnetic fields

b.	presence of chemical stain

*cyanobacteria

a.	are photosynthetic archaea
b.	evolved from archaea
c.	are chemoautotrophs
d.	are of the same nutritional type as the earliest forms of life
e.	bloom in lakes contaminated with organic wastes

e.	bloom in lakes contaminated with organic wastes (no clue tbh)

*a patient comes to a Kenora doctor because of a large, bull’s eye shaped, red rash that has a clear patch in the centre. originally there was an insect bite in the middle of the rash. which of the following diseases would the physician immediately suspect?

a.	influenza
b.	smallpox
c.	malaria
d.	Lyme disease
e.	c.diff

d.	Lyme disease

Which of the following groups are types of life in the order in which they are thought to have appeared on the Earth (from earliest to most recent)? 

a.	heterotrophic organisms, photosynthetic organisms, organisms tolerant of oxygen, eukaryotic cells
b.	organisms tolerant of oxygen, photosynthetic organisms, heterotrophic organisms, eukaryotic cells
c.	organisms tolerant of oxygen, eukaryotic cells, photosynthetic organisms, heterotrophic organisms
d.	photosynthetic organisms, organisms tolerant of oxygen, heterotrophic organisms, eukaryotic cells
e.	eukaryotic cells, organisms tolerant of oxygen, autotrophic organisms, photosynthetic organisms

a.	heterotrophic organisms, photosynthetic organisms, organisms tolerant of oxygen, eukaryotic cells

A stromatolite is 

a.	a fossilized bacterial mat probably formed mainly by ancient heterotrophic bacteria.
b.	a fossilized bacterial mat probably formed mainly by ancient cyanobacteria.
c.	a living bacterial mat formed mainly by cyanobacteria.
d.	a living algal mat formed mainly by green algae.
e.	a living algal mat formed mainly by slime molds.

b.	a fossilized bacterial mat probably formed mainly by ancient cyanobacteria.

Which of the following organisms first gave Earth its oxygen-containing atmosphere? 

 

a.	cyanobacteria.	c.	early protozoans
b.	methanogens	d.	Plants

a.	cyanobacteria.

Many of the organic compounds essential for life, such as amino acids and nucleotides, could NOT assemble spontaneously in the presence of 

 

a.	hydrogen.	c.	CO2	e.	argon.
b.	free oxygen.	d.	nitrogen.

b.	free oxygen.

Fossil evidence of the earliest living organisms now dates back 

 

a.	570 million years.	d.	more than 5 billion years.
b.	1.4 billion years.	e.	to 4004 B.C.
c.	about 3.8 billion yrs

c.	about 3.8 billion yrs

The primitive atmosphere did NOT contain 

 

a.	water vapor.	d.	free oxygen.
b.	free nitrogen.	e.	inert gases.
c.	free hydrogen

d.	free oxygen.

The transition of the early earth's atmosphere from one rich in H₂ to one rich in O₂ may be attributed to 

a.	photosynthesis.
b.	photophosphorylation.
c.	cyclic AMP.
d.	chlorophyll breakdown.
e.	all of these

a.	photosynthesis.

Experiments like those first performed by Miller and Urey in 1953 demonstrated that 

a.	DNA forms readily and reproduces itself.
b.	many of the lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides required for life can form under abiotic conditions.
c.	complete, functioning prokaryotic cells are formed after approximately three months.
d.	a lipid-protein film will eventually be formed by thermal convection.
e.	all of these

b.	many of the lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleotides required for life can form under abiotic conditions.

The first organisms 

a.	absorbed their food supplies from the organic molecules that surrounded them.
b.	were eukaryotes.
c.	utilized fermentation for energy production.
d.	utilized ATP.
e.	all of these except "were eukaryotes."

e.	all of these except "were eukaryotes."

The presence of free oxygen in the atmosphere 

a.	was a result of the accumulation of the by-products of photosynthesis.
b.	prevented the further spontaneous generation of life.
c.	provided the opportunity to extract more energy through aerobic respiration.
d.	did not occur immediately after the earth was formed.
e.	all of these

e.	all of these

The conversion of solar energy to chemical energy occurs during 

 

a.	glycolysis.	c.		respiration.	e.	chemosynthesis.
b.	photosynthesis.	d.		fermentation.

b.	photosynthesis.

Chemosynthetic forms of life 

a.	derive energy from sunlight.
b.	derive energy by stripping hydrogen from inorganic compounds such as sulfur compounds.
c.	are anaerobic forms that live in the dark.
d.	are one form of heterotrophic life.
e.	are unable to generate enough energy to synthesize complex food-storage molecules.

b.	derive energy by stripping hydrogen from inorganic compounds such as sulfur compounds.

Heterotrophs are 

a.	self-feeding.
b.	independent of other forms of life for sustenance.
c.	unable to participate in the web of life.
d.	animals only.
e.	none of these

e.	none of these

When molecules are broken apart in respiration, 

a.	the heat produced is used to drive biological reactions.
b.	the oxygen in the compounds that are broken apart is used as an energy source.
c.	the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.
d.	ATP is converted into ADP.
e.	ADP is released as a waste product.

c.	the energy released in respiration is channeled into molecules of ATP.

C₆H₁₂O₆ is the chemical formula for 

 

a.	glucose..	c.	protein.
b.	starch.	d.	adenosine triphosphate.

a.

glucose..

Which of the following liberates the most energy in the form of ATP? 

a.	aerobic respiration
b.	anaerobic respiration
c.	alcoholic fermentation
d.	lactate fermentation
e.	All liberate the same amount, but through different means.

 

a.	aerobic respiration

Under anaerobic conditions, muscle cells produce 

 

a.	ethanol.	c.	pyruvate.	e.	citrate.
b.	acetaldehyde.	d.	lactate.

d.

lactate.

Fermentation 

a.	may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.
b.	produces more ATP than is liberated in the hydrogen transfer series.
c.	breaks down glucose in reaction with oxygen.
d.	is restricted to yeasts.
e.	None of these.

a.	may occur in a muscle under anaerobic conditions.

Energy released during cellular respiration is stored in a compound called 

 

a.	glucose.	c.		ATP.	e.	RNA.
b.	ADP.	d.		DNA.

c.

ATP.

The process of using sunlight to convert low-energy compounds into higher-energy compounds is known as 

 

a.	fermentation.	d.	chemosynthesis.
b.	respiration.	e.	phosphorylation.
c.	photosynthesis.

c.	photosynthesis.

Identify the products of photosynthesis 

a.	carbon dioxide and water.
b.	glucose and oxygen.
c.	glucose and carbon dioxide.
d.	water and sunlight.
e.	carbon dioxide and oxygen.

b.	glucose and oxygen.

What are the disadvantages of anaerobic respiration in the human body? 

a.	Less energy is released from glucose.
b.	The product of the reaction is potentially harmful.
c.	Both a) and b) are disadvantages.
d.	There are no disadvantages.
e.	Anaerobic respiration is advantageous because oxygen is not needed.

c.	Both a) and b) are disadvantages.

Which of the following are of the smallest size? 

 

a.	viruses	c.		fungi	e.	plants
b.	bacteria	d.		protistans

a.

viruses

The short, thin appendages that help prokaryotes adhere to surfaces, such as rocks or cells, are called 

 

a.	flagella.	c.		cilia.	e.	plasmids.
b.	pili.	d.		mesosomes.

b.

pili.

Which of the following is NOT an environment in which you would find Archaea? 

 

a.	salt marshes	d.	ocean vents
b.	hot springs	e.	swamps
c.	active volcanoes

c.	active volcanoes

Bacterial cell walls contain a unique substance called 

 

a.	cellulose.	d.	glycogen.
b.	peptidoglycan.	e.	proteinoid
c.	phospholipid.

b.	peptidoglycan.

Evidence for the closer relationship of archaea to eukaryotes than to bacteria includes all of the following except 

a.	similar RNA.
b.	similar DNA.
c.	the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.
d.	similar organelles.

c.	the presence of peptidoglycan in the cell wall.

In bacteria, DNA is found 

a.	in the nucleus alone.
b.	in organelles alone.
c.	in both the nucleus and organelles.
d.	attached to the cell wall as a single circular thread.
e.	as particles scattered throughout the bacterial cell.

d.	attached to the cell wall as a single circular thread.

Which one of the following statements is NOT true? 

a.	Archaea are one of the most abundant cell types below 1,000 meters in the oceans.
b.	Archaea that thrive in extremely hot places are known as thermophiles.
c.	Archaea that thrive in anaerobic places are known as anaerophiles.
d.	Archaea that thrive in extremely salty places are known as halophiles.
e.	Human intestinal gas is largely produced by archaea in our intestines that are referred to as methanogens.

 

c.	Archaea that thrive in anaerobic places are known as anaerophiles.

Bacteria 

a.	have cell walls composed of cellulose.
b.	reproduce primarily by conjugation.
c.	have a single chromosome.
d.	are eukaryotic.

c.	have a single chromosome.

Which of the following concerning bacteria is true? 

a.	They have multiple chromosomes.
b.	They produce gametes.
c.	They possess circular DNA molecules.
d.	They are eukaryotic.

c.	They possess circular DNA molecules.  (plasmids!)

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacterial cells? 

a.	they are prokaryotic and single celled
b.	contain no membrane-bound organelles
c.	have a single chromosome
d.	majority are pathogens
e.	reproduce asexually

d.	majority are pathogens

Three of the four answers listed below are descriptions of bacterial shape. Select the exception. 

 

a.

coccus

b.

bacillus

c.

pili

d.

spiral

c.

pili

  Pairs of rod-shaped bacteria are called 

 

a.	cocci.	c.		diplobacilli.	e.	vibrios.
b.	bacilli.	d.		spirochetes.

c.

diplobacilli.

Spherical bacteria are called 

 

a.	bacilli.	c.		cocci.	e.	all of these
b.	spirilla.	d.		bacteriophages.

c.

cocci.

A helical or spiral bacterium is called a 

 

a.	spirillum.	c.	coccus.
b.	bacillus.	d.	bacillus or coccus.

a.	spirillum.

Which label is pointing to a sample of staphylococcus? 

a.

A

b.

B

c.

C

d.

D

d.

D

A bacterial colony that is observed to survive and reproduce only when no air is around would be classified as which of the following? 

 

a.	obligate aerobe	d.	facultative anaerobe
b.	obligate anaerobe	e.	none of the above
c.	facultative aerobe

b.	obligate anaerobe

Small circular extrachromosomal molecules of DNA in bacteria are called 

a.	plasmids.	c.		pili.	e.	transferins.
b.	desmids.	d.		F particles.

a.

plasmids.

The pseudosex process by which one bacterial cell transfers DNA to another is 

 

a.	fission.	c.		conjugation	e.	none of these
b.	gamete fusion.	d.		lysis.

c.

conjugation

Which of the following allow the bacteria to join together to transfer genes? 

a.	flagella
b.	pores
c.	connecting channels
d.	pili
e.	stylets

d.

pili

During conjugation between two E. coli cells, which of the following would most likely occur? 

a.	Transfer of an antibiotic.
b.	Transfer of a plasmid.
c.	Transfer of viral genes.
d.	Lysogeny.
e.	Ttransfer of a plasmid and transfer of viral genes.

b.	Transfer of a plasmid.

Which of the following is the basis for determining the causative agent of most infectious diseases? 

a.	Koch's postulates
b.	Pasteur's laws
c.	trial and error
d.	process of elimination
e.	None of the choices are correct.

a.	Koch's postulates

The term for a close association between two or more species is 

 

a.	symbiosis.	d.	colonialism.
b.	obligate anaerobe	e.	mutualism.
c.	associative living.

a.	symbiosis.

Which statement is inaccurate? 

a.	Viruses are not able to move by themselves.
b.	Viruses are not able to reproduce by themselves.
c.	Viruses are not structurally organized.
d.	Some biologists consider viruses to be forms of life and other biologists consider them to be nonlife.
e.	Viruses contain instructions to make themselves.

c.	Viruses are not structurally organized.

Which of the following statements is FALSE? Antibiotics 

a.	serve as an agent of natural selection in pathogenic bacteria.
b.	are effective against viruses.
c.	may produce potent side effects.
d.	are normal metabolic by-products of certain microorganisms.
e.	when used by women often have to be accompanied by antifungal drugs to control yeast infections.

b.	are effective against viruses.

Which of the following is FALSE? 

a.	The outer coats of all viruses are alike.
b.	The virus uses either DNA or RNA at its core, but not both.
c.	Viruses can be replicated only after they enter a living cell.
d.	Most viruses have a protein coat or covering.
e.	A virus may not kill a host cell but may become inactive for a period of latency.

 

a.	The outer coats of all viruses are alike.

When a virus takes over the machinery of a cell, it forces the cell to manufacture 

a.	more mitochondria for energy for the virus.
b.	more liposomes to isolate themselves from water.
c.	more food particles.
d.	more viral particles.

d.	more viral particles.

Four of the five answers listed below are found in viruses. Select the exception. 

 

a.	coat	c.		DNA	e.	envelope
b.	prions	d.		tail fibers

b.

prions

Which of the these diseases is NOT caused by a virus? 

 

a.	common cold	c.		influenza	e.	tuberculosis
b.	smallpox	d.		polio

e.	tuberculosis

Which of the following represents the correct stages of viral replication? 

a.	synthesis, assembly, release, attachment
b.	assembly, release, attachment, synthesis
c.	release, attachment, synthesis, assembly
d.	attachment, synthesis, assembly, release
e.	none of the above

d.	attachment, synthesis, assembly, release

Which of the following statements concerning viruses and human health is FALSE? 

a.	In many diseases caused by viruses, the virus attacks cells as it reproduces.
b.	Most viral infections are difficult to treat but they can be finally destroyed by antibiotics.
c.	Some viruses can remain dormant in the body for years before disease symptoms appear.
d.	Oncogenic viruses can add genes to a cell and turn it into a cancer cell.
e.	Many viral diseases can be controlled through vaccinations.

b.	Most viral infections are difficult to treat but they can be finally destroyed by antibiotics.

Which of the following is one of the body's first lines of defense against infection? 

a.	several nonspecific antibodies
b.	several nonspecific amino acid toxins
c.	nonspecific obstacles such as skin and mucus
d.	increased production of certain hormones and changes in microcirculation
e.	None of the choices are correct.

c.	nonspecific obstacles such as skin and mucus

The major result of the inflammatory response is to 

a.	initiate the production of antibodies.
b.	recruit white blood cells to disinfect and clean damaged tissues.
c.	initiate cell-mediated immune responses.
d.	initiate humoral-mediated immune responses.
e.	initiate the production of killer cells.

b.	recruit white blood cells to disinfect and clean damaged tissues.

Why do diseases involving widespread infection usually result in a fever? 

a.	because the rapid multiplication of the invading microorganisms results in extra heat production
b.	because the inflammatory and immune responses result in extra heat production
c.	because the microorganisms trick the brain's temperature control center into creating a hot environment that favors their growth
d.	because the brain's temperature control center responds to systemic inflammation by creating a hot environment unfavorable to microorganisms
e.	None of the choices are correct.

d.	because the brain's temperature control center responds to systemic inflammation by creating a hot environment unfavorable to microorganisms

The two main functions of the lymphatic system are 

a.	coagulating blood and fighting infections.
b.	producing hormones that regulate the immune system and coagulating blood.
c.	producing hormones that regulate the immune system and fighting infections.
d.	returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and coagulating blood.
e.	returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

e.	returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.

Antibodies are 

 

a.	amino acids.	c.		carbohydrates.	e.	nucleic acids
b.	lipids.	d.		proteins.

d.

proteins.

A substance that can elicit an immune response is a(n) 

 

a.	complement.	c.		histamine.	e.	antigen.
b.	interferon.	d.		antibody.

e.

antigen.

The host range of a virus is determined by 

a.	the proteins on its surface and that of the host.
b.	whether its nucleic acid is DNA or RNA.
c.	the proteins in the host's cytoplasm.
d.	the enzymes produced by the virus before it infects the cell.
e.	the enzymes carried by the virus.

a.	the proteins on its surface and that of the host.

Which cells are divided into two groups: T cells and B cells? 

 

a.	macrophages	d.	platelets
b.	lymphocytes	e.	all of these
c.	complement cells

b.	lymphocytes

Which cells produce and secrete antibodies that set up bacterial invaders for subsequent destruction by other white blood cells? 

 

a.	phagocytes	d.	T cells
b.	macrophages	e.	all of these
c.	plasma B cells

c.	plasma B cells

Body cells have proteins that are self-markers located 

a.	in their nuclei.
b.	in the endoplasmic reticulum.
c.	in the mitochondria.
d.	on the cell membrane.
e.	inside the Golgi bodies.

d.	on the cell membrane.

The purpose of a vaccine is to 

a.	produce a mild case of the disease.
b.	stimulate the immune response.
c.	cause memory cells to be formed.
d.  e.	stimulate the immune response and cause memory cells to be formed.  all of the above

e. all of the above

All but which of the following are good barriers to invasion by microbes? 

 

a.	mucous membranes	d.	urine
b.	eye secretions	e.	gut bacteria
c.	broken skin

c.	broken skin

Normal bacterial inhabitants of the human body 

a.	are naturally resistant to antibiotics.
b.	are able to outcompete some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body's defense mechanisms.
c.	can be transformed into pathogenic forms if a person's resistance to disease is low.
d.	are unable to survive the human body's defense mechanisms.
e.	None of these.

b.	are able to outcompete some invading pathogens and thus are one of the body's defense mechanisms.

Phagocytes perform their services in 

a.	the blood.
b.	tissue spaces.
c.	the lymph system.
d.	a) and b) only.
e.	All of a), b) and c)..

e.	All of a), b) and c)..

The accumulation of fluid at the site of a wound is the result of the secretion of 

 

a.	antibodies.	c.		neutrophils.	e.	leukocytes.
b.	histamines.	d.		interferons

b.	histamines.

Which cells produce antibodies? 

 

a.	helper T	c.		cytotoxic T	e.	plasma B-cells
b.	macrophages	d.		memory cells

e.	plasma B-cells

Which cells are held in reserve to be used for a rapid response to subsequent intruders of the same type? 

a.	helper T	c.		cytotoxic T	e.	naïve B-cells
b.	macrophages	d.		memory cells

d.

memory cells

Which cells are the longest lasting in the body? 

 

a.	helper T	c.		cytotoxic T	e.	naïve B-cells
b.	macrophages	d.		memory cells

d.

memory cells

Which cells directly destroy body cells infected by viral or fungal parasites? 

a.	helper T	c.		cytotoxic T	e.	naïve B-cells
b.	macrophages	d.		memory cells

c.

cytotoxic T

All of the cells involved in the immune response are 

 

a.	leukocytes.
b.	erythrocytes.
c.	white blood cells.
d.	Both a) and c).
e.	Both b) and c).

d.	Both a) and c).

Body cells have self-markers located 

 

a.	in their nuclei.
b.	in the endoplasmic reticulum.
c.	in the mitochondria.
d.	on the plasma membrane.
e.	inside the Golgi bodies.

d.	on the plasma membrane.

The markers that identify "self" are actually 

 

a.	genes.	c.	phospholipids (fats).
b.	proteins.	d.	small surface bumps.

b.

proteins.

Which of the following statements is false? 

a.	Only B cells and their progeny make antibodies.
b.	The primary immune response is faster and more complete than a secondary immune response.
c.	Virgin B cells already have antibodies but have not yet encountered an antigen.
d.	Macrophages will digest invading bacterial cells but do not destroy the antigens that eventually become mounted on the surface of the macrophages.
e.	Some B cell progeny differentiate into memory cells.

b.	The primary immune response is faster and more complete than a secondary immune response.

Antibodies are shaped like the letter 

 

a.

C

b.

E

c.

H

d.

K

e.

Y

e.

Y

Which of the following is false regarding an antigen? 

a.	It can lead to the generation of an antibody.
b.	It identifies a pathogen as "foreign" to the body.
c.	It can be an oligosaccharide (a sugar).
d.	It passes directly between the plasma membranes of the pathogen and macrophage.
e.	It forms complexes with the MHC markers.

d.	It passes directly between the plasma membranes of the pathogen and macrophage.

Which statement is NOT true? 

a.	When an invading bacterium is destroyed by a macrophage, its antigens are preserved.
b.	Antibodies attack and destroy invading antigens.
c.	Helper T cells recognize the major histocompatibility complex and antigens on the surface of macrophages.
d.	Self cells have major histocompatibility complex markers or antigens.

b.	Antibodies attack and destroy invading antigens.
antibodies mark/attack antigens for destruction via Cytotoxic T-cells	I think lol

A vaccine contains 

a.	killed pathogen.
b.	weakened pathogen.
c.	noninfective fragments of a pathogen.
d.	full-strength pathogen.
e.	All except "full-strength pathogen" may be used.

e.	All except "full-strength pathogen" may be used.

CTBA: The purpose of a vaccine is to 

a.	produce a mild case of the disease.
b.	stimulate the immune response.
c.	cause memory cells to be formed.
d.	stimulate the immune response and cause memory cells to be formed.
e.	produce a mild case of the disease, stimulate the immune response, and cause memory cells to be formed.

e.	produce a mild case of the disease, stimulate the immune response, and cause memory cells to be formed.

When the body's defenses turn against its own cells, the disorder is called 

a.	an autoimmune response.
b.	anaphylactic shock.
c.	acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
d.	passive immunity.
e.	an inflammatory response.

a.	an autoimmune response.

Match each term with their appropriate description. 

a.	halophiles	c.	thermophiles
b.	cyanobacteria	d.	methanogens

 __1. Live in temperatures that don’t usually allow life. 

__2. These produce "swamp gas." 

 

___3. Live in water of very high salt concentration. 

___4. These perform photosynthesis. 

1. C

2. D

3. A

4. B

Match each of the chemical processes with their products. 

a.	anaerobic respiration in animals	d.	aerobic cellular respiration
b.	photosynthesis	e.	anaerobic cellular respiration in yeast cells
c.	product of respiration

 

 _5. alcohol (and carbon dioxide) 

__6. lactic acid 

__7. adenosine triphosphate (ATP) 

 

___8. water and carbon dioxide 

___9. oxygen and glucose 

5. E

6. A

7. C

8. D

9. B

Match an item with the correct statement below.  Not all items will be used. 

a.	viruses	f.	vaccines
b.	capsid	g.	HIV
c.	bacteriophages	h.	capsule
d.	host range	i.	adenovirus
e.	lysis

 10. microscopic particles capable of reproducing only within living cells 

__11. a category of viruses that infect and destroy bacterial cells 

__12. the destruction or bursting open of a cell 

__13. the limited number of host species, tissues, or cells that a virus or other parasite can infect 

 

___14. the protective protein coat of viruses 

___15. an example of a retrovirus: forces host cell to make DNA that codes for building the virus; can lead to AIDS 

___16. solutions that are prepared from viral components or inactivated viruses 

10. A

11. C

12. E

13. D

14. B

15. G

16. F