III : Innate Immunology

Innate / Natural Immunity

• Non-specific Pathogens

Innate / Natural Immunity

• 1st & 2nd line of Defense

Innate / Natural Immunity

- the effect gear towards to non-specific pathogen.

- Our skin will protect us against any other pathogen.

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

• Specific Immunity

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

• 3rd line of Defense

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

- Acquire when exposed (to vaccines)

Adaptive / Acquired Immunity

- We have the Lymphocytes – T cells (Cell Immunity) & B cells (Humoral Immunity) both of them can produce a memory cells therefore they can participate to anamnestic response.

Innate Immune System

- Defense against infection that immediately act when a host is attacked by a pathogen.

1. External Defense System

2. Internal Defense System

Innate IS is composed of 2 systems that work to promote phagocytosis which are

physical, chemical, & biological barriers

External Defense System is composed of what barriers that work together to prevent infection from entering the body.

External Defense System

- Anatomical barriers designed to keep microorganisms from entering the body.

External Defense System

- Refers to the anatomical barriers represents the epithelial barriers (skin).

Urine

helps remove potential pathogens from the genitourinary tract.

keratinocytes

External Defense System

The physical barrier refers to the skin particularly

Physical Barrier

refers to the skin particularly keratinocytes that is important for the keratin to make our skin dry.

Physical Barrier refers to the skin particularly keratinocytes that is important for the keratin to make our skin dry.

Physical Barrier refers to the skin particularly - that is important for the keratin to make our skin dry.

Physical Barrier

Another is respiratory (mucus and cilia) cilia e.g., pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium smoker more risk in getting covid 19 due to damaged cilia.

F

Another is respiratory (mucus and cilia) cilia e.g., pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium smoker more risk in getting covid 19 due to damaged cilia.

Physical Barrier (t/f)

Another is respiratory (mucus and cilia) cilia

e.g., pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium smoker is at low risk in getting covid 19 due to damaged cilia.

Gastric Acid

External Defense System

Chemical Barrier is composed of

1. coughing

2. sneezing

External Defense System

Biological barrier is composed of what mechanisms that is helping us to expel the microbes.

Internal Defense System

- Includes cellular responses that recognize specific molecular components of pathogens.

inflammation

Internal Defense System

Another internal defense system that will allow localization of infection is -.

Phagocytosis & inflammation

Internal Defense System

What are important mechanisms as part of our body defense.

• P - Pathogen – recognition Receptors

• P - Phagocytosis

• A - Acute-phase Reactants

• I - Inflammation

• N - Natural Killer (NK) Cells

Internal Defense System is composed of

Cellular Response

Internal Defense System

– appearance of phagocytosis

Skin

External Defense System

- Physical barriers with secretions that discourage microorganism growth

5.6

External Defense System

- Lactic acid & fatty acids maintain the skin at a pH of approximately - (maasim).

Psoriasisn

External Defense System

– a small protein produced by skin cells, has antibacterial effects.

Epidermis

External Defense System

– tightly packed epithelial cells coated in keratin.

Dermis

External Defense System

– connective tissue with blood vessels, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, & WBCs.

1 stratum cornium

External Defense System

- Skin layer: - (dead skin) composed of microorganism

sebum & fatty acids

External Defense System

Sebaceous Glands is composed of

sweat

External Defense System

- Sweat Glands is composed of

Keratin

External Defense System

– keeps our skin dry.

F

External Defense System

- Severely burn skin is at high risk from getting infected.

External Defense System (t/f)

- Severely burn skin is at low risk from getting infected.

Respiratory Tract

- Mucous secretion block bacteria from adhering to epithelial cells

Respiratory Tract

what block bacteria from adhering to epithelial cells

Coughing/sneezing

Respiratory Tract

what moves pathogens out of tract

pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium

Respiratory Tract

- The lining of our trachea is made up of - .

Goblet cells

Respiratory Tract

- The lining of our trachea is made up of pseudostratisfied ciliated columnar epithelium. This pseudo stratified has - this cells produced mucus that block & trap bacteria.

hydrochloric acid

Digestive Tract

What acid in the stomach keeps the pH as low as 1, prohibiting microorganism growth.

pH 1

Digestive Tract

- Stomach’s hydrochloric acid keeps the pH as low as -, prohibiting microorganism growth.

Normal Flora / Microbiota

Digestive Tract

– Helps to keep pathogens from establishing themselves in these areas.

E. coli

Digestive Tract

can produce bacteriocins (prevent bacteria from growing) on the mouth

bacteriocins

Digestive Tract

o E. coli can produce - (prevent bacteria from growing) on the mouth

Clostridium defficile

Digestive Tract

o – associated with antibiotic diarrhea

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

- Recognize molecules unique to infectious organisms. (has marked in order to identify)

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

- Encoded by host’s DNA to sense extracellular infection.

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

- Recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on microorganisms

phagocytic cells.

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

- When bound to a pathogen, activate -

• Macrophages

• Dendritic cells

• Neutrophils

• Eosinophils

• Monocytes

• Mast cells

• T cells

• Epithelial Cells

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs) is found on

• Neutrophils

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

– cannot attack/phagocytize by neutrophil because they are too big.

• Eosinophils

Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

– attack large microorganisms like parasites.

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

example of Pathogen-Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

10 types

How many types of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are found in humans

cell surface & in cytoplasm

Majority of Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) are found on the

phagocytosis

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

Glycoproteins that bind to particular substances, activating cytokine & chemokine production & other processes to enhance -.

T

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs) (t/f)

- Can destroy most pathogens that humans are exposed to before disease sets in.

phagocytosis

Toll-like Receptors (TLRs)

- Most important in promoting & enhancing -.

• C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR)

• Retinoic Acid

• Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) Receptor

Other Receptors in Internal Defense System

C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR)

binds to mannan & β-glucans found in fungal cell walls to activate cytokine & chemokine production. The outcome is to minimize/prevent fungal infection.

minimize/prevent fungal infection.

C-type Lectin Receptor (CLR) binds to mannan & β-glucans found in fungal cell walls to activate cytokine & chemokine production. The outcome is to -

Retinoic Acid

– inducible gene-l like receptor (RLR)

Acute-Phase Reactants

- Soluble factors found in serum.

Acute-Phase Reactants

- Increase rapidly in response to infection, injury, or tissue trauma.

Acute-Phase Reactants

- Facilitate contact between microbes & phagocytic cells.

Acute-Phase Reactants

- Mop up & recycle important proteins after phagocytosis

C-rp

example of Acute-Phase Reactants

C-rp

indicator for infection & inflammation

C-reactive Protein

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Response Time (hours) : 4 – 6

Normal Concentration (MG/DL): 0.5

Increase: 1000x

• Opsonization

• Complement Activation

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of C-reactive Protein

Serum amyloid A

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Response Time (hours) : 24

Normal Concentration (MG/DL): 5

Increase: 1000x

Activates monocytes & macrophages

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of Serum amyloid A

Alpha1-antitrypsin & Fibrinogen

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Response Time (hours) : 24

Normal Concentration (MG/DL): 200 – 400

Increase: 2 – 5x

Protease inhibitor

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of Alpha1-antitrypsin

Clot formation

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of Fibrinogen

Ceruloplasmin

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Response Time (hours) : 48 – 72

Normal Concentration (MG/DL): 20 – 40

Increase: 2x

Binds copper & oxidizes iron

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of Ceruloplasmin

Complement C3

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Response Time (hours) : 48 – 72

Normal Concentration (MG/DL): 60 – 140

Increase: 2x

• Opsonization

• Lysis

Association of HLA Alleles & Disease

Function of Complement C3

Opsonization

an immune response process which uses opsnonin’s to tag foreign pathogens for elimination by phagocytes. Without an opsonin, such as an antibody, the negatively-charged cell walls of the pathogen & phagocyte repel each other.

Crp

is the most common nonspecific indicator for inflammation/infection.

Ceruloplasmin

copper transport protein & can oxidize iron.

C3

most abundant/dominant form of complement.

Process of Inflammation

body’s overall reaction to injury/invasion by an infectious agent.

• Redness/ Erythema – Rubor

• Swelling / Edema – Tumor

• Heat – Calor

• Pain – Dolor

• Funciolasse – loss of function, 5th cardinal sign

Cardinal Signs & Symptoms of Process of Inflammation

Rubor

Redness/ Erythema

Tumor

Swelling / Edema

Calor

Heat

Dolor

Pain

Funciolasse

loss of function, 5th cardinal sign

simple squamous epithelium

Process of Inflammation

- Our blood vessels is made up of endothelial cells (-)

diapedesis

Process of Inflammation

- Process called _ – the leukocytes can crawl between endothelial cells

T

Process of Inflammation (t/f)

• Localize the infection which means there is no systemic infection, because when it is already systemic this will be hard to control.

T

Process of Inflammation (t/f)

• Important for tissue repair (healing)

T

Process of Inflammation (t/f)

- Pimples may pus cells. This pus cells will protect then and localize the infection.

Neutrophils

– #1 cell to attack due to their small size.

Phagosome

characterized by the presence of vacuole in the cytoplasm.

Lysosome

granulated (acid hydrolase) then they are released/emptied

I - Initiation

C - Chemotaxis

E - Engulfment

D - Diapedesis

Phagocytosis

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

- 1st line of defense against:

• Cells that are virally infected