ANSC FINAL

Your mouth produces what enzymes

amylase, mucin, bicarb

HCl

Activates pepsinogen (makes stomach acidic)

Mucin

protects the stomach linging

Gastric Lipase

• in tummy

• digests fat

• but not well bc its not emulsified yet

Pepsinogen

• in tummy

• digests fat

Intrinsic Factor

• in tummy

• Faciliatates B12 absorption

• helps big molecules get across membranes

Bile

• liver-gall bladder

• emulsifies fat

Trypsin

• pancreas

• digests protein

Chymotrypsin

• pancreas

• digests protein

Carboxypeptidase

• pancreas

• digests protein

Bicarbonate

• pancreas

• buffers pH

Sucrase

• small intestine

• digests sucrose

maltase

• small intestine

• digests maltose

Lactase

• small intestine

• digests lactose

aminopeptidases

• digest polypeptides (protein fragments)

• small intestine

Gibberella Zea (F. roseum)

• Deoxynivalenol (feed refusal in pigs)

• Zearalenone (estrogenic)

Aspergillus Flavus

• Aflatoxin (carcinogenic)

Fusarium moniliforme

• Fumonison (kills Horses)

Claviceps purpurea

• Ergot, in Rye (unpalatable —> LSD and dry gangrene)

Hammer Mills

• most common

• portable

• steel shaft with hammers that swing battering the feed

Roller Mills

• rollers flatten grain with precise tolerance

• vry good feed prep

Digestible Energy

• Gross energy - feces

• how much energy doesn’t end up in poop/what did animal absorb

Metabolizable Energy

• Gross energy - feces - urine&gas

• still not all available for animal to use

Net Energy

• Gross energy - feces - urine&gas - heat increment

• heat increment (energy lost in fermentation)

• actually available for the animal to use

TDN

• total digestible nutrients

• an energy index on a carb equivalent basis

TDN Formula

sum of products of:

%CP x digestibiltiy

%EE x 2.25 x digestibility

% CF x digestibility

%NFE x digestibility

Biological Value

• amino acid balance of the digestible part of the protein (which in turn effects the digestibility)

% N Digestibility (apparent)

(N in feed - N in feces)/ N in feed x 100

Nitrogen Balance

N in feed - N in feces - N in urine

% Nitrogen Retention

[(N in feed - N in feces -N in urine)/ N in feed] x 100

True N Digestibility

[N in feed - (N in feces - MFN)/n in feed] x 100

MFN = metabolic fecal nitrogen

Apparent Biological Value

True Biological Value

BIological Value formula

Corn

56 lbs/buschel

low lysine

Wheat

Esophagus for Birds

Crop

Tummy in poultry

Proventriculus (after crop)

has gizzards > teeth

Metabolism Carbs

• used by the body of nutrients and metabolites

• carbs —> convert to a lil bit of glycogen —> use for blood sugar, ATP or goes to fat

Metabolism (FAT)

• liver —> fat storage/ energy usage

Metabolism (Protein)

• amino acids enter blood stream —> give cells a acids for protein synthesis

• Amino acid not quickly used are deaminated + used for energy

Ruminant Stomach

• Rumen (fermentation vat)

• Reticulum (hardware stomach)

• Omasum (holding space)

• Abomasum (true stomach)

What do bacteria do in the Rumen

• digest CHO —> VFAs

• remodel proteins, manufacture essential amino acids + utilize NPN

• Make B vitamins

6 classes of nutrients

• Water

• Carbs

• Fats

• Proteins

• Vitamins

• Minerals

Lipids different to carbs how

way less oxygen —> higher ration of Carbon to hydrogen= energy

Function of protein in the diet

• suppy amino acids to the body so cells can make protein

• in excess —> make energy

10 amino acids (essential)

• Phenylalanine

• Valine

• Threonine

• Tryptophan

• Isoleucine

• Methionine

• Histidine

• Arginine

• Lysine

• Leucine

Triglyceride

• 1 glycerol

• 3 fatty acids

What are the 3 essential fatty acids

• Linoleic

• Linolenic

• Arachidonic

2 long chain saturated fatty acids

• palmitic acid

• stearic acid

what has the most influence on the biological value of a feed

amino acid pattern

Biological value and digestibility

are independent variables

DIP

gets broken up in the rumen and rearranged by bacteria

UIP

left alone by bacteria —> animal will absorb its amino acids so the amino acid balance is important

NIRS is used in animal nutrition

to rapidly estimate the components in feed

Opaque-2-corn

Corn with more Lysine

Why is fat used more efficiently than carbs in the summer

heat increment of fat is lower

How could 2 feeds have the same TDN value, and even the same DE value, but still be of different use to the animal due to energy?

they could have different heat increments

6-8 grass forages

fat cow syndrome

too much fat in the liver —> caused by too much grain in the diet

Characteristics of good hay

• cut early

• green and leafy

• soft pliable stems

• freee of mold

• palatable

• little foreign matter

Legume examples

• Alfalfa (problems with bloat)

• Clavoer

• Soybeans

• Lespedeze

• Birdsfoot trefoil

• Sweet Clover (anti coagulant)

Grases

• Timothy

• Big Bluestem

• Indian Grass

• Switch grass

• Orchardgrass (deterrent to bloat)

Acidosis

• too much lactic acid

• rumen ferm is too much that buffers won’t work

ketosis

• cows + sheep

• too many ketone bodies in blood

• not enough pyruvate (form oxaloacetate to make citrate)

• treat with glucose

• prevent by keeping energy intake levels up and avoiding too much grain in advance

Bloat

failure of eructation mechanisms *Wet Summers, rapidly growing clover, treat with movement and poloxalene)

Feedlot Bloat

high concentrate diets —> slime produced by bacteria

frothy bloat assocaited with wheat and legume more roughage in diet

Nitrate poisoning

• can be toxic from conversions of nitrate to nitrite in the rumen

• happens in stressed Plants

Fat Cow Syndrome

• fat accumulates in the lvier

• too much concentrate fed to dry cows

• can occur rapidly

Founder

• comes from overeating grain