Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

What is the first stage of Glycolysis?

Phosphorylation

How is glucose phosphate made in phosphorylation?

Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from ATP to create glucose phosphate and ADP

How is Hexose bisphosphate made?

ATP adds a phosphate to glucose phosphate forming hexose bisphosphate

How is triose phosphate made in phosphorylation?

Hexose bisphosphate splits into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

What is the second stage of Glycolysis?

Oxidation

How is pyruvate made?

Triose phosphate is oxidised, forming 2 molecules of pyruvate

What is oxidation?

losing hydrogen

How is NAD reduced to reduced NAD in Oxidation?

4ADP + 4P is oxidised and loses 2 hydrogen ions and reduces NAD.

What are the products of Glycolysis?

2x reduced NAD, 2x pyruvate, 2x ATP

Where does the reduced NAD go to?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Where does the pyruvate go to?

It’s actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix for use in the link reaction

Where does the ATP go?

Used for energy

What product in glycolysis is used for Anaerobic respiration?

Pyruvate

What cells is Alcoholic fermentation used in?

Yeast and plant

What cells is Lactate fermentation used in?

Animal and bacteria

In alcoholic fermentation, how is pyruvate used?

Pyruvate is converted into ethanal using decarboxylation and then reduced to ethanol by oxidising reduced NAD.

In Lactate fermentation, how is pyruvate used?

Pyruvate is reduced into lactate by oxidising reduced NAD

Why is the regeneration of oxidised NAD important for respiration?

Glycolysis can continue even when there isn’t any oxygen and ATP can still be produced

What is the next stage in aerobic respiration after glycolysis?

Link reaction

How is acetate made in the link reaction?

Pyruvate from glycolysis is decarboxylated and oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced.

How is acetyl coenzyme A produced in the link reaction?

Acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

How many times does the link reaction occur for every glucose molecule?

2

What are the products of the link reaction?

2x acetyl coenzyme A, 2x CO2, 2x reduced NAD

Where does the acetyl coenzyme A go to?

Krebs cycle

Where does CO2 go to?

Released as a waste product

Where does reduced NAD go to?

Oxidative phosphorylation