Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Aerobic

What is the first stage of Glycolysis?

Phosphorylation

How is glucose phosphate made in phosphorylation?

Glucose is phosphorylated using a phosphate from ATP to create glucose phosphate and ADP

How is Hexose bisphosphate made?

ATP adds a phosphate to glucose phosphate forming hexose bisphosphate

How is triose phosphate made in phosphorylation?

Hexose bisphosphate splits into 2 molecules of triose phosphate

What is the second stage of Glycolysis?

Oxidation

How is pyruvate made?

Triose phosphate is oxidised, forming 2 molecules of pyruvate

What is oxidation?

losing hydrogen

How is NAD reduced to reduced NAD in Oxidation?

4ADP + 4P is oxidised and loses 2 hydrogen ions and reduces NAD.

What are the products of Glycolysis?

2x reduced NAD, 2x pyruvate, 2x ATP

Where does the reduced NAD go to?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Where does the pyruvate go to?

It’s actively transported into the mitochondrial matrix for use in the link reaction

Where does the ATP go?

Used for energy

What product in glycolysis is used for Anaerobic respiration?

Pyruvate

What cells is Alcoholic fermentation used in?

Yeast and plant

What cells is Lactate fermentation used in?

Animal and bacteria

In alcoholic fermentation, how is pyruvate used?

Pyruvate is converted into ethanal using decarboxylation and then reduced to ethanol by oxidising reduced NAD.

In Lactate fermentation, how is pyruvate used?

Pyruvate is reduced into lactate by oxidising reduced NAD

Why is the regeneration of oxidised NAD important for respiration?

Glycolysis can continue even when there isn’t any oxygen and ATP can still be produced

What is the next stage in aerobic respiration after glycolysis?

Link reaction

How is acetate made in the link reaction?

Pyruvate from glycolysis is decarboxylated and oxidised to form acetate and NAD is reduced.

How is acetyl coenzyme A produced in the link reaction?

Acetate is combined with coenzyme A to form acetyl coenzyme A

How many times does the link reaction occur for every glucose molecule?

2

What are the products of the link reaction?

2x acetyl coenzyme A, 2x CO2, 2x reduced NAD

Where does the acetyl coenzyme A go to?

Krebs cycle

Where does CO2 go to?

Released as a waste product

Where does reduced NAD go to?

Oxidative phosphorylation

What process takes place after the link reaction?

The Krebs cycle

What is used from the link reaction in the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl coenzyme A

How is a 6 carbon molecule formed in the Krebs cycle?

Acetyl Coenzyme A (2C) combines with oxaloacetate (4C) to make citric acid (6c)

How is 5C intermediate made?

Citric acid (6c) is decarboxylated to remove CO2 and dehydrogenation occurs to convert NAD to reduced NAD.

What processes occur when converting citric acid to 5C intermediate?

Oxidation, Decarboxylation and Dehydrogenation

How is Oxaloacetate made in the Krebs cycle?

Decarboxylation and dehydrogenation occur to make FAD and reduced NAD and 5c intermediate converts to oxaloacetate.

How is ATP produced when converting 5C intermediate into oxaloacetate? 

Direct transfer of a phosphate group makes the ATP

What is substrate- level phosphorylation?

Phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another

How many carbons does Acetyl coenzyme A contain?

2

How many carbons does Citric acid have?

6

How many carbons does intermediate have?

5

How many carbons does oxaloacetate have?

4

What are the products of the Krebs cycle?

Coenzyme A, 4x CO2, 2x ATP, 6x reduced NAD, 2x reduced FAD

What is after the Krebs Cycle?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

What is Oxidative phosphorylation?

Energy carried by electrons, from reduced NAD and FAD, makes ATP

What is the first stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

Hydrogen atoms are released from reduced NAD and reduced FAD as they’re oxidised. Hydrogen atoms are split into H+ and e-

What is the second stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

The electrons move down the electron transport chain, losing energy at each carrier.

What is the third stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

The energy is used by the electron carriers to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space

What is the fourth stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

The concentration of protons is now higher in the intermembrane space than in the mitochondrial matrix- this forms an electrochemical gradient

What is the fifth stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

Protons move down the gradient via ATP synthase using facilitated diffusion. The movement drives the synthesis of ATP from ADP+ P

What is the sixth stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

The process of ATP production is driven by the movement of H+ ions across a membrane which is called chemiosmosis

What is the seventh stage of Oxidative phosphorylation?

The protons, electrons and oxygen combine to form water. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor