AP Biology, Unit 1, Biochemistry

Biological macromolecules (large molecules)

1. Lipids

2. Proteins

3. Carbohydrates

4. Nuclei acids

Organic

Molecules composed of carbon

Lipids

Fats, and oils

• subunit: 1 glycerol, and 3 fatty acids

-cholesterol, glycerol

-have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in them

Structure of lipids

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids, a carbon chain and carboxyl group

Unsaturated fats

Double or triple bonds between carbons

Saturated fats

Single bond between all carbons, hydrogen on every available bond location

Function of lipids

Source of stored energy, cushioning , and insulation, membrane construction

adipose tissue

Tissue that stores fat in animals

Proteins

End in -ine, or -in, sometimes -en

Subunit: amino acids(20 total)

-examples: hair and nails(keratin), skin(collagen), blood(hemoglobin), cartilage, hormones, enzymes, antibodies

-has carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in them

• different combinations of amino acids to yield different proteins

-proteins are created by adding amino acids together when this happens water is released

dehydration synthesis

-removing a molecule of water to join two or more molecules together

Carbohydrates

-end in -ose

-subunit: glucose(simple sugars)

-have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

Function of carbohydrates

Source of short term energy

Cellulose

Carbohydrate component of plant cell walls.

Monosaccharides

One molecule of carbohydrate, one sugar

Disaccharide

Two molecules of carbohydrates, two simple sugars

Polysaccharides

Three or more molecules of carbohydrates, a complex sugar

Glycogen

Excess sugar that is found the liver of humans

Starch

Excess sugar that is stored in plants

What foods have carbohydrates in them

Breads, potatoes, crackers, chips

Nuclei acids

-Subunit: nucleotides

-examples: DNA and RNA

-have carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus in them

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA

ribonucleic acid

Types of lipids

fats, oils, waxes

Enzymes

Speed up the rate of chemical reactions (composed of proteins)

Antibodies

Used to protect against disease (composed of proteins)

Neurotransmitters

Liquid that allows nerve impulses to flow throughout the body(electricity)

Hormones

Regulate body functions (can be lipids)

Amino acids

Building block of proteins

-1 carboxyl group

-1 amino acid group(where the N is located)

-1 hydrogen(H) atom

-1 side chain(R)-this is different for each amino acid

How many amino acids are there?

20

Dipeptide

2 amino acids joined together

Polypeptide

3 or more amino acids joined together

Peptide bond

The bond between amino acids

amino group

a chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms

carboxyl group

COOH

Building blocks (monomers) of DNA

nucleotides

Nucleotides in DNA contain

-1 phosphate

-1 sugar(deoxyribose)

-1 nitrogenous base

Nitrogenous bases in DNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

Nitrogenous bases in RNA

adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil

Enzyme

A protein catalyst, any substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up or change, can work over and over, ends in ase

Function of an enzyme

Speeds up the rate of all chemical reactions

Hydrolysis

Digestion or breakdown with water.

Denature

Enzymes change shape so much they no longer work