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John Locke
Philosopher who believed in natural rights: life, liberty, and property.
Social Contract Theory
Philosophical idea that people form an agreement with a government, giving up some freedoms for protection.
Rene Descartes
Philosopher known for deductive reasoning—reasoning from general principles to specific instances.
Francis Bacon
Philosopher who popularized the scientific method and emphasized inductive reasoning.
Separation of Powers
Montesquieu's idea that government power should be divided among different branches to prevent abuse.
Voltaire
Enlightenment philosopher who advocated for individual rights and freedom of speech.
The Scientific Method
A systematic procedure for gathering and testing ideas through observation and experimentation.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Believed that people are inherently good and that a direct democracy is the best form of government.
Cesare Beccaria
Italian philosopher advocating against torture and for fair trials in the criminal justice system.
Adam Smith
Father of modern economics known for advocating free trade and limited government intervention.
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