BIOL 66: Final Exam

Which of the following is not a primary function of the kidneys?

a) regulates oxygen concentration in the body

b) regulates Na+ concentration in the body

c) regulates K+ concentration in the body

d) regulates blood volume

e) maintain acid- base balance in the body

A

The _____ transfers urine to the bladder.

a) urinary duct

b) urethra

c) ureter

d) loop of Henle

e) renal tubule

C

Which structure in the kidney consists of a renal corpuscle and tubule?

a) renal cortex

b) nephron

c) glomerulus

d) Bowman's capsule

e) renal medulla

C

What is another term for urination?

a) secretion

b) micturition

c) filtration

d) renal clearance

e) A and B

B

Glomerular filtration ____.

a) is the movement of solutes from the peritubular capillaries into the tubules

b) is the movement of materials from the filtrate in the tubules into the peritubular capillaries

c) is the filtration of fluid from the renal pelvis into the ureters

d) involves filtration of 80% of plasma

e) is the movement of fluid from the glomerulus into (Bowman's capsule)

E

What is the inner layer of the kidney called?

a) renal pyramid

b) renal pelvis

c) renal medulla

d) renal cortex

e) adrenal medulla

C

Secretion in the renal system refers to ____.

a) transfer of substances from blood to urine

b) transfer of substances from urine to blood

c) formation of urine in Bowman's capsule

d) movement of urine out of the body

e) A and D are correct

A

What is the countercurrent multiplier system responsible for ensuring?

a) hypertonicity of the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle

b) hypotonicity of the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle

c) isotonicity of the interstitial fluid surrounding the loop of Henle

d) adequate secretion of Na+ and urea

e) adequate filtration of fluid to maintain blood volume and blood pressure

A

How does reabsorption of a substance in the kidneys affect the renal plasma clearance of the substance?

a) the effect on renal plasma clearance depends on the ADH concentration

b) renal plasma clearance increases

c) renal plasma clearance decreases

d) there is no change in renal plasma clearance

e) the change in renal plasma clearance is proportional to renin secretion

C

ADH is secreted when plasma osmolarity ____. Its effect is to ____ reabsorption of water by the kidneys.

a) increase, increase

b) increase, decrease

c) decrease, decrease

d) decrease, increase

e) B and D

A

What is the kidney's role in regulating blood pH?

a) excrete CÓ in the urine

b) excretes bicarbonate in the urine

c) excretes H+ in the urine

d) reabsorbs bicarbonate

e) both C and D are correct

E

What is glucosuria?

a) excess glucose in the blood

b) a molecule comprised of glucose and urea

c) decreased excretion of glucose in the urine

d) excess reabsorption of glucose

e) excess glucose excreted in the urine

E

Aldosterone stimulates Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

a) true

b) false

A

When Na+ and water are reabsorbed in the kidneys, first water is reabsorbed and then Na+ follows.

a) true

b) false

B

Bile is synthesized by the ____ and one its main functions ____.

a) liver; fat emulsification

b) gall bladder; polypeptide digestion

c) liver; carbohydrate metabolism

d) gall bladder; fat digestion

e) liver and pancreas; fat digestion

A

Digestion of food molecules is considered anabolism.

a) true

b) false

B

Digestion of proteins is carried out by enzymes ____.

a) in the submucosa of the large intestine

b) that are synthesized in the liver

c) in the interstitial fluid adjacent to the small intestine

d) that also digest carbohydrate

e) that are activated by HCl (hydrochloric acid)

E

The gastrointestinal tract includes all of the following except the ____.

a) stomach

b) liver

c) small intestine

d) esophagus

e) mouth

B

Which layer of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract contains the myenteric plexus?

a) serosa

b) submucosa

c) mucosa

d) muscularis externa

D

Pepsinogen is secreted by ____. It is ____.

a) parietal cells; responsible for digestion of carbohydrates

b) ECL cells; an inactive form of pepsin

c) chief cells; activated in the small intestine

d) chief cells; an inactive form of pepsin

e) parietal cells; an inactive form of HCl (hydrochloric acid)

D

D cells are located in the ____. They secrete ____.

a) esophagus; amylase

b) stomach; HCl

c) stomach; somatostatin

d) brush border; pepsinogen

e) brush border; aminopeptidase

C

Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

a) emulsification of fats

b) absorption of mucus

c) digestion of small peptides into amino acids

d) detoxification of chyme

e) absorption of fluid

E

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

a) metabolism of carbohydrates

b) protein synthesis

c) production of bile

d) secretion of chylomicrons

e) detoxification of blood

D

The main muscular contractions that occur in the esophagus are segmental contractions to move the bolus downward.

a) true

b) false

B

In which gastrointestinal structure does the majority of digestion and absorption occur?

a) mouth

b) small intestine

c) large intestine

d) pancreas

e) stomach

B

On the inner surface stomach, there are ____, and on the inner surface of the small intestine, there are ____.

a) microvilli, villi

b) rugae, haustra

c) villi, rugae

d) gastric villi, duodenal villi

e) rugae, villi

E

Which of the following is a correct statement about processes that occur in the stomach?

a) gastrin stimulates the secretion of histamine from ECL cells, which stimulates the secretion of HCl from parietal cells

b) somatostatin stimulates HCl secretion from ECL cells

c) the acidic environment inhibits protein digestion

d) bicarbonate generated in the wall of the stomach

e) G cells secrete pepsinogen due to the presence of chyme in the stomach

A

During the intestinal phase of gastrointestinal control, gastric activity is inhibited by inhibitory hormones that are secreted by the small intestine.

a) true

b) false

A

Pancreatic juice secretion is stimulated by?

a) somatostatin

b) CCK

c) increased pH due to chyme in the small intestine

d) presence of brush border enzymes

e) all of the above

B

Fats are secreted via exocytosis from the epithelial cells of the small intestine, in molecules called?

a) low density lipoproteins

b) dipeptides

c) chylomicrons

d) fatty acids

e) micelles

C

Brush border enzymes are synthesized in the pancreas.

a) true

b) false

B

_______ promotes the cellular uptake of glucose during the absorptive state.

a) sympathetic nervous system activation

b) gluoneogenesis

c) glycogen

d) glucagon

e) insulin

E

Which of the following processes is considered catabolism?

a) lipolysis

b) protein synthesis

c) glycogenesis

d) lipogenesis

e) ketogenesis

A

Leydig cells _________.

a) secrete FSH

b) secrete inhibin

c) secrete testosterone

d) are located in the epididymis

e) are located in the seminiferous tubules

C

When does the oocyte complete its second meiotic division?

a) immediately after the first meiotic division

b) when fertilization occurs

c) just prior to ovulation

d) when the LH surge occurs

e) when prolactin secretion is maximal

B

Each spermatozoan resulting from spermatogensis is haploid.

a) true

b) false

A

Gametogenesis is directly stimulated by which hormones?

a) FSH

b) GnRH

c) inhibin

d) sex steroids

e) testosterone

A

Mature sperm are also called ________.

a) spermatogonia

b) spermatids

c) primary spermatocyes

d) secondary sermatocytes

e) spermatozoa

E

What is the thick, smooth muscle layer if the uterus called?

a) cervical layer

b) perimetrium

c) myenteric layer endometrium

d) myometrium

D

Erectile dysfunction can be caused by psychological factor.

a) true

b) false

A

In the reproductive system, the hypothalamus secretes ________, which stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete __________.

a) FSH; LH

b) GnRH; FSH; LH

c) GnRH; sex steroids

d) FSH and LH; sex steroids

e) FSH and LH; GnRH

B

During which phase of the menstrual cycle does estradiol (estrogen) secretion reach its highest peak?

a) follicular phase

b) luteral phase

c) menstrual phase

A

Leptin is a hormone synthesized by________

a) pancreas

b) hypothalamus

c) liver

d) stomach

e) adipocytes

E

Days 1 though 13 of the ovarian cycle are called the ________ phase.

a) luteal

b) follicular

c) ovulation

d) secretory

e) C and D

B

What is the term taught in lecture for all of the chemical reactions in the body?

a) digestion

b) metabolism

c) cellular respiration

d) energy utilization

e) regulatory chemistry

B

Excess cholesterol can lead to atherosclerosis.

a) true

b) false

A

During the postabsorptive state, _______ blood glucose stimulates the secretion of _______ from the pancreas.

a) decreased, insulin

b) increased, insulin

c) decreased, glucagon

d) increased, glucagon

C

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by which of the following?

a) insulin resistance

b) increased insulin sensitivity

c) decreased secretion of insulin from the pancreas

d) destruction of beta cells of the pancreatic islets

e) C & D

A

Suppose that a blood test indicates that you have a high concentration of LDLs (low density lipoproteins) in your blood plasma. This is ________.

a) good news

b) bad news

B

In the gastrointestinal system, absorption is most accurately defined as __________ and secretion is most accurately defined as __________.

a) movement of water into intestinal fluid; movement of water into lumen of gastrointestinal (GI) tract

b) movement of nutrients into intestinal fluid and bloodstream; release of hormones into GI tract

c) movement of digested products into blood and lymph; excretion of feces from the large intestine

d) movement of substances into blood and lymph; release of substances into lumen of GI tract

e) release of substances into lumen of GI tract; movement of substances into blood and lymph

D

Mastication is another term for swallowing.

a) true

b) false

B

The absorptive state is characterized by

a) glycogenesis

b) gluconeogenesis

c) lipogenesis

d) A&C

e) A, B, C

D

What is the molecular form in which carbohydrates are typically absorbed into the bloodstream?

a) triglyceride

b) glycerol

c) disaccharide

d) monosaccharide

e) olisaccharide

D

What is the name for the gel-like layer that surrounds the secondary oocyte?

a) zona pellucida

b) acrosome

c) corpus luteum

d) antrum

e) granulosum

B

When ovulation occurs, for how long does the ovulated oocyte live?

a) 13 days

b) 5 days

c) 1-2 days

d) 14 days

e) 28-30 days

C

After fertilization occurs, the blastocyte is implanted in the ____.

a) ovary

b) oviduct

c) coprus luteum

d) uterus

e) placenta

D

The placenta is the organ of exchange between the mother and fetus.

a) true

b) false

A

During pregnancy, which structure secretes estrogen and progesterone after the corpus luteum ends its secretion?

a) chorion cells

b) placenta

c) adrenal gland

d) chorionic villi

e) amniotic cells

B

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and parturition.

a) true

b) false

A

During labor and parturition, the fetal adrenal cortex and maternal adrenal cortex secrete ____.

a) adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

b) oxytocin

c) relaxin

d) inhibin

e) cortisol

E

Milk is produced and secreted by the ____.

a) mammary glands

b) prolactin glands

c) corpus luteum

d) myoepithelial cells

e) pituitary glands

A

When does the LH (lutenizing hormone) surge occur?

a) just prior to ovulation

b) at the end of the luteal phase

c) in the middle of the follicular phase

d) during parturition

e) all of the above

A

What is the main function of pancreatic enzyme?

a) digestion of food in the small intestine

b) digestion of food in the stomach

c) digestion of food in the pancreas

d) digestion and absorption of food in the small intestine

e) activation of brush border enzymes in the small intestine

A