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contract documents
consists of contracts, construction drawings, and specification requirements for a new construction or remodel project
contracts
legal documents outlining responsibilities of each party, scope of project, project timeline, and parties involved in agreement
specifications
written documents describing requirements for type and quality of materials, work-quality expectations, and conditions/details for executing work
proprietary specifications
indicates manufacturer’s products by name, model/part number, color, and finish - control over project installation, restricts bids
descriptive specifications
details about materials, finishes, fabrication methods, acceptable workmanship, and installation methods - set quality standard rather than manufacturer/trade name
performance specification
expected performance of custom components
construction documents
how and where to construct building, where to lay foundation, how to finish interior spaces, cabinet and built-in furniture installation, window/door type, exact materials required
title block
design-firm name and contact information with logo, name of client, professional seal, sheet title and number, job number, and completion date
lettering
consistent, manual drawings should have hand lettering and digital drawings should have computer fonts; straight, block lettering with square uppercase letters
continuous lines
indicates objects and major architectural elements
dashed lines
indicates objects hidden from view from birds eye view (beams, cabinets, etc); wheelchair turning radius, and ceiling height changes
dimension lines
indicates length, width and components of plan
extension line, inside to inside corner, dimension line crosses extension with a tick (forward slash to right) at the start/finish of measurement, written in feet and inches
can do overall + lower levels with breaks, windows, doors, etc with largest dimensions furthest out
border lines
boldest, outline elements that are cut through and closest to viewer (full-height wall lines)
object lines
medium-weight lines lie below plane of cut but above floor plane, outlines fixtures, built-ins, and furnishings
light lines
outline surface treatment of floors, recede into background
hidden lines
not visible in specific views, represented by dashed lines
AIA (american institute of architects) standard scales
residential drawing: ¼” = 1’-0”
commercial drawing: 1/8” = 1’0”
NKBA (national kitchen and bath association)
½” = 1’-0”
elevation drawings
flat, no dimension, shows vertical planes
vertical callouts
typically circles with ID# which indicates where elevation for that particular location can be found
ceiling plan
dashed lines show what may interfere with lighting but does not actually touch ceiling, solid lines touch ceiling
electrical/switching plan
key with symbols for various types of electrical outlets
public zones
inviting, social centers for activity
entry, living room, great room, dining room, guest bathroom, family room, library, guest bathroom, outdoor living space
private zones
allocated to private letting - solitude and familiarity
child’s bedroom
SAFETY, small cozy spaces (can be as small as 10’0”-10’0”) that accommodate safety, sleeping, storing, studying, and recovering from illness
teen’s bedroom
PRIVACY; place to study, reflect on life, support organizational, academic, and decision-making skills
work zones
high functional areas with design related to tasks, location, and acoustics
kitchen, laundry, mud/locker room, homework area, home office
kitchen
most efficient layout: “U” shaped, large areas may have island workstation in middle
least desirable layout: “L” shaped, less efficient but uninterrupted work triangle
kitchen work triangle
sink, cooktop/oven, refrigerator; 12-26 feet apart - 24 ft max
doors, stairways, and ramps
36 inches (min 3 ft)
hallway
3-4 feet, minimum of 44 inches and wheelchairs
kitchen circulation
rectangular table (seats 4-6): 2.5-5.5 ft
dining: 3 feet clearance around all chairs
range: 30 inches
refrigerator: 36 inches
dishwasher: 24 inches
countertop depth: 20-35 inches
codes
suggestion chosen by cities to ensure the safety of the public
egress
path to escape
bathroom
ventilation by window or fan
ceiling height and room size
habitable rooms: no less than 7ft in horizontal or vertical direction; must be at least one habitable room that is at least 120 sq ft in every dwelling
habitable rooms must be at least 70 sq ft
rooms w sloped ceilings: at least 50% of floor of room must have ceiling of at least 7ft
bathrooms & shower/tub: min height 6' 8", needs ventilation
carbon monoxide detector locations
better down low, installed outside each separate sleeping room
smoke detector locations
in and outside each sleeping room, one on each floor, interconnected
stair max variation
¾ inch
stair tread minimum depth
10 inches
stair riser max height
7 ¾ inch
most common wall material
gypsum board (drywall or wallboard)
paint
protects wall surfaces, many colors, can imitate other interior materials; always looks darker vertically than it does horizontally (ceilings even darker)
lead in paint
until 1978: paint may contain lead, US government instituted laws to eliminate lead-containing paint
paint components
solvent, latex/binder, pigments, additives
additives: thickeners, mildew protection, faster/slower drying
primer
used for shiny surfaces and to cover stains
flat
rich, soft-looking appearance, less glare, washes poorly, medium-low durability, should be used in low traffic rooms
eggshell
medium durability, avoid bumps/scuffs, essentially flat and covers wall imperfections
satin
velvety, easy to clean, reveals application flaws, high durability
semi-gloss
midrange of sheen, good scrubbing durability, good for rooms with moisture, drips and grease stains (kitchen, bathroom, trim, etc)
high gloss
shiny surface, easy washability, shows wall surface imperfections
suede
textured, fabric-like finish creates suede effect
alligatoring
top coat of paint applied over undercoat that is not completely dry; rigid substance over more flexible; natural effect of aging and weather changes on oil paint
burnishing
use of flat paint, results in viewing of the color underneath; frequent washing and spot-cleaning, high traffic areas, minimal washability and scrub resistance, objects rubbing against paint
flashing
paint dries too quickly because of wind/indirect sunlight, paint over unprimed material
concrete
mixture of cement and mineral aggregates (such as gravel) with water
stamped: tiles with some form of texture/patterns
stained: monolithic, all poured at once and settled into one plane
cement
binder = substance that holds other materials together
nylon
manufactured fiber used in 90% of carpet; highly durable, large variety of color, soft, absorbs little liquid, stain resistant, easily recyclable
olefin
recyclable, manufactured fiber, lightweight, outdoor use, water resistant
wool
from sheep; flame and soil resistant, retains color, resilient
acrylic
manufactured but feels like wool; abrasion resistant, colorfastness, not as resilient as nylon
polyester
manufactured fiber, resistant to water-soluble stains, good fade resistance, luxurious feel
carpet piles
surface face yarns that form loops during tufting/weaving - should be ½ inch or less for ADA
vinyl
flexible and provides impact absorption, highly resistant but is semi-porous and has poor noise absorption, 100% synthetic
VCT
binder, limestone filler, finished with sealer and wax, 12” x 12”; cheap, needs perfect subfloor; vinyl, usually used in commercial/institutional settings
sheet vinyl
inlaid sheet flooring with patterns, cheap, water resistant
luxury vinyl
textures, can snap together, water-resistant
linoleum
1860, durable; resistant to acid, grease, oil, solvents and cigarettes; primarily natural material, gets harder over time, sensitive to light, no distinct pattern
rubber
many sides, good traction
terrazzo
chips of marble, quartz, granite, glass, etc; bound using cement or chemical (epoxy resin), polished to smooth surface, sealed and waxed
cork
renewable, recyclable, biodegradable, resilient, impermeable, and provides thermal and acoustic insulation, hypoallergenic and antimicrobial; can be faced over time, dented, punctured, and scratched, recommended to not get wet
bamboo
used as a substitute for hardwood flooring, may contain urea formaldehyde and should be certified by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC)
laminate
wear layer, decorative layer, fibercore layer - wood byproduct, backboard layer
snaps together, may be glued, leave small gap for expansion, installed over padding
not waterproof, restricted to low trafficked areas
marble
minerals from impurities give variety of colors and patterns; elegant and durable, useful in high traffic areas, stain resistant, easy to polish scratches, cool to the touch, heavy weight, can be slippery, good thermal mass, non-toxic, long lasting; cracks from surface being pressurized and filled with minerals
limestone
less pressurized than marble, soft stone, warm stone, good traction
slate
extreme variation in color and quantity, low maintenance, slip and stain resistant, antibacterial, chemical free, and nonabsorbent
flagstone
peels out of ground: slate, sandstone, etc
sandstone
peeled from quarry or cut into shapes
travertine
durable yet fairly soft and prone to chipping and scratching, heat resistant, slippery, can be weathered or polished, has bubbles and gaps that vary in size that are later filled with mortar, easy to stain; form of limestone that is not recommended for floor use
granite
resists blistering, scratching, cracking, staining, weather, chemicals, and scorching as long as it’s not wet; may be polished, honed or flamed; speckled pattern
plate glass
pulling sheets through rollers, then grinding and polishing of surface
float glass
95% of glass in architecture, molten glass floated over molten tin
crown glass
sheets made from blowing a bubble and pressing outwards, distorted
strengthening glass
tempering - suddenly cooled to create tension between outside and tempered glass, 3-5 times more resistant to impact and applied pressure, breaks into cubes
must be sized before made, only untempered glass can be cut to size
liquid crystal
can turn glass on and off (can see through or is opaque)
window coverings
privacy, security, sound absorption, safety, glare control, comfort, energy conservation, aesthetics
roller shade
not adjustable, difficult to move
roman shade
shades unfold from top down
horizontal blinds
blade/vein repeated that allows for control over natural light and gaze
plantation: custom sizing, wood
venetian blinds: can be cut to be custom, metal/plastic
curtains
panels of unlined lightweight fabric of varying length, gathered or shirred
draperies
long panels of heavier pleated fabric that hang straight to frame a window, typically line to protect decorative fabric and to provide insulation, light control and privacy; stiffened constructed heading requiring traversing rod and carriers
cornice
wood, fabric covered wood or resin; decorative structure mounted above window (assume hard)
jabots
fabrics with pleats, gathers, or folds that descend vertically along side of window, often cut at an angle
swags
half round in shape, fabric draped over top of window and may be inserted between jabots
valances
shorter pieces of fabric that cover uppermost part of window, may stand alone or with other treatments (assume soft)
textiles
flexible, woven, knitted
memo sample
details of textile sample; pattern, pattern name, colorway, width (typically 54 inches wide), collection, repeat (length and width repeat, how often pattern is repeated)
regular
top of pattern runs up roll (pattern in line with roll)
railroaded
top of pattern runs across roll (pattern is sideways to direction of roll), can avoid extra seams
wet and dry crocking
dye transfer
