Human Physiology Chapter 1-4

Mike Aaron Test 1

Physiology

The study of the function of living organisms, under normal conditions and disrupted.

The Chemical Level

lowest level of organization; this includes atoms (carbon, oxygen etc..) and molecules (water, DNA).

The Cellular Level

includes cells, different structures and functions

The Tissue Level

cell groups that work together

Four Primary Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium-Singular)

covers surface organs and makeup glands, exocrine (surface) vs. endocrine (into blood)

Connective Tissues

(cells, fibers, and matrix) bind structures, transport materials, provide support, and protect

Muscle Tissue

is capable of contracting. Specific types of muscle tissue include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Nerve Tissue

is composed of neuroglial cells and neurons. Neurons are specialized to generate and transmit information through the body in the form of electrical signals known as impulses.

Organs

structures that are composed of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform similar functions. What are some examples of Organs in the Human Body?

Systems

groups of organs that work together to carry out similar functions.

What are the 11 major organ systems in the human body?

Integumentary (Skin), Skeletal (bone), Muscular (muscles), Lymphatic (spleen), Respiratory (lungs), Urinary (bladder), Nervous (brain), Endocrine (thyroid gland), Circulatory (heart, blood), Digestive (intestines), F+M Reproductive (ovaries)

We will approach Human Physiology via a System Approach?

Depth approach to total full organism

The Organismic Level

the highest level of organization in the human body.

Organism

a living individual

Four major classes of cells that make up human body

Neurons, Muscle cells, Epithelial cells, Connective tissue cells.

Neurons

are typically elongated and branched transmit electrical signals

Neurons functionality

controlling body movement, regulating hormone secretion, allowing us to remember, providing us with our emotions and allowing for perception of our environment.

Structure of Neurons

Cell Body/Cellular organelles, Dendrites/Impulses to CB from other neurons, Axon/Impulses away from CB to effectors like muscles and glands.

Neurons are classified as? Why? Some are Classified as?

Sensory, detect changes/internal and external stimuli and tells the brain. Motor neurons send impulses to effectors from the brain. Mixed Neurons.

Muscle cells

typically referred to as being muscle fibers

muscle fibers are modified for? and this creates?

contraction (shortening), motion and force

Muscle fibers are involved in what part of the body?

Whole body movement and organ related activities

Types of muscle cells? How many nucleus?

Skeletal Muscle fibers (multiple nuclei) , Cardiac Muscle Fibers (one central nucleus) , Smooth Muscle Fibers (one nucleus)

Skeletal Muscle cells are? and attach what to what?

Striated and voluntary, muscle to bone

Cardiac muscle cells are? they create? via? shape?

striated and involuntary and create force in heart via fibers long and thin

Smooth muscle cells are? and regulate what?

involuntary and non-striated and regulate movements through internal organs, materials in and out

Epithelial cells are shaped? receive blood from? via? can occur in how many layers?

flat and occur in sheets receive blood from underlying connective tissue via a basement membrane can occur in simple single and stratified multiple layer

How many Epithelial cell shapes are there? what are they called?

4 cell shapes called squamous cuboidal columnar transitional

Epithelial cell shapes? Squamous? Cubodial? Columnar? Transitional?

Small and flat, squared shapes, column-shaped, can change shape

There are five functions of epithelial cells what are they?

cover surfaces, gas and liquid exchange, mucus production and cilia also protection, secretion of glands, lining hollow organs surrounds lumen

Connective cells come in? are supported by? are embedded in what? are all fibrous?

multiple shapes and are supported by fibers are embedded in matrix yes all are fibrous and strecth

There are five functions of connective cells what are they?

connect bones together via ligaments, connect muscles to bone via tendons, support all body structures via bone, transport material via blood, protect via adipose and leukocytes

two connective suffixes are? which one is immature and which one is mature?

Blast is immature and Cyte is mature

cells of any given type tend to cluster? True or False?

True

Human Body plan simplified 3 organizations

epithelial separate outside from inside, cell receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream, oxygen moves from lungs to the blood via inspiration, nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine.

homeostasis? what works together for this? body is capable of? based on? its important to maintain what for this? cause it carries what? which are?

maintenance of a constant internal environment organs work together the body can adapt to environment its important to maintain fluid and water intake carries solutes which are sugars proteins and ions

Total Body Water? its composed of what? which one is 2/3rds? which on is 1/3?

volume of water is 42 liters per person composed of intracellular fluid 2/3 and extracellular fluid 1/3

intracellular fluid is also referred to as the cytoplasm or?

cytosol

Extracellular fluid contains plasma which accounts for ?% of ECF and ? which accounts for the rest of ECF

plasma accounts for 20% and Interstitial fluid

Sodium and Chloride ions are more presents in ? while potassium ions are more present in?

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid

Maintenance of the body refers to what specifically?

Blood PH, ECF volume and oxygen levels, feedback systems

What 2 systems work together to maintain homeostasis? and what are the two different feedback systems?

Endocrine and Nervous systems and Positive and Negative

Positive enhances effects of a stressor while negative?

reverses the effects of stress

Biomolecules are shaped? and are the most? are often referred to as?

large and most complex referred to polymers and macromolecules

Biomolecules contain what atoms? and are considered to be? this atom forms how many covalent bonds?

carbon atoms and are organic forms four covalent bonds with other atoms

Biomolecules are composed of? known as? that form covalent bonds with?

small repeating units known as monomers form covalent bonds with each other

four functional groups of biomolecules which are called?

Hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carboxyl, amino groups

two major types of reactions associated with biomolecules? which one regulates by enzymes?

Condensation/Dehydration reaction and Hydrolysis/Decomposition reaction which regulates by enzymes

Four Classes of important Biomolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates are? contain three? which are? and occur in what ratio? what are examples of carbs?

sugars and related compounds have three elements and are hydrogen, carbon, oxygen occur in a 1:2:1 ratio examples are glucose fructose and galactose

Carbs occur in a variety of? can form what structures? serve primarily as a what source and can support? are polar or non-polar? meaning?

shapes serve as energy source form ring structures and support molecule are polar meaning they easily dissolve in water

three major classes of carbohydrates which are? and Define.

Monosaccharides which are simple sugars have a different structure so they react different and are glucose galactose and fructose ribose and deoxyribose and disaccharides which are covalent bond between two monosaccharides sucrose Polysaccharides form from covalent bonds between numerous monosaccharides.

what are four examples of polysaccharides?

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin

Lipids are? they do what?

fat, waxes, and oils they pad and cushion structures also serve as stored energy and make up cell membranes

lipids are mostly composed of what two atoms

carbon and hydrogen atoms that are non polar covalently bonded

are lipids hydrophobic?

Yes

Triglycerides are formed when? they synthesize what?

three fatty acids bond to the individual carbon atoms of glycerol they synthesize ATP

stored triglycerides in adipose tissue can be released into the blood where they can be used for? and where?

they can be used for energy production in the liver

Any excess fatty acids are converted into? when these buildup it can lead to? which is a sign of what?

ketones and ketosis is a sign of diabetes mellitus

What are the two types of fatty acids in triglycerides?

Saturated and Unsaturated fats

saturated fats in triglycerides do not contain? and are known as?

do not contain double bonds between any of their carbon atoms and are known as animal fats

Unsaturated fats in triglycerides contain?

do contain double bonds between some of their carbon atoms.

Phospholipids contain ? attached to ? and a phosphate group bonds to the ? this phosphate group typically bonds to a ? group

contain two fatty acid chains attached to glycerol and a phosphate group bonds to the third glycerol carbon that typically bonds to a hydrophilic polar group

Phospholipids have what regions and this makes them?

nonpolar and polar regions makes them amphipathic

phospholipids are major?

constituents of cell membranes

Eicosanoids are modified fatty acids that function in what communication?

function in intercellular communication

what are some examples of Eicosanoids?what do they do?

Prostaglandins which are an inflammation response and thromboxanes which are involved in blood clotting

Steroids are composed of what? What is the most common?

composed of complex carbon rings and cholesterol is the most common

Cholesterol is an amphipathic molecule and is a precursor of? examples?

precursor of other steroids like cortisol and testosterone

Proteins are? composed of ? that are ? bonded. These bonds are known as?

polymers that are composed of amino acids that are covalently bonded also known as peptide bonds

Proteins are often referred to as?

polypeptides

Amino acids contain one central? there are? naturally occurring they differ at what group?

contain one central atom and there are 20 naturally occurring they differ at their side R group

What reactions bond amino acids? in a process known as?

condensation reactions in a process known as translation

the chemical properties of a protein are determined by?

the arrangement of amino acids in the structure

forming numerous fibers in the the body? transporting materials like hemoglobin? Making up keratin? Forming enzymes? Making up myosin and tropomyosin in muscle tissues?

Functions of proteins

Primary structure of a protein

simple chain of bonded amino acids

Secondary structure of protein

some folding between amino cids hydrogen bonds often form this structure

Tertiary structure of a protein

extensive folding with bonding R groups in a protein

the extensive folding in what protein structure is created by ionic and covalent bonding and hydrogen bonds

Tertiary structure

Quaternary structure of proteins

involves bonding and folding between multiple protein chains

Nucleic acids are polymers composed of? that are ? bonded

composed of nucleotides that are covalently bonded

all nucleotides are composed of what three structures?

A five carbon sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogenous base

there are two classes of nitrogenous bases?

pyrimidines and purines

Pyrimidines contain ? and can be found in what nucleotides?

contain a single carbon ring can be found in cytosine, thymine, and uracil

purines have a ? carbon ring and include?

double carbon ring and include adenine and guanine

types of nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP, cAMP,

all types of what? work together to express genetic information in a living organism

all types of RNA

what nucleic acid acts as a chemical messenger in a cell and signal cells to carry out specific functions?

Cyclic AMP or cAMP

what part of the nucleic acid is primary used to name them?

the sugar part

Protein synthesis has how many steps? they are called what?

2 steps called transcription and translation

how many cell cycle phases are there? list them in order?

there are four cell phases g1 s-phase g2 mitosis

how many phases of mitosis are there? what are their names?

four phases prophase metaphase anaphase telophase

uncontrolled cell division is called? causes how many death per year? their are three causes what are their names? It formed mass is referred to as? and they often?

cancer 50,000 mutations oncogenes chemicals tumors metastasize

identifying proteins in a cells plasma membrane can help identify?

what type of cell it is

Protein synthesis-2 steps

transcription and translation

The Cell Cycle-Phases

g1- cell growth, S-phase, G2, mitosis

Cancer? How many deaths per year? How do they displace healthy cells?

uncontrolled cell division, 500,000 deaths per year and displace healthy cells by forming masses of dividing cells known as tumors.

metabolism

the total of all reactions that occur in a living cell. Most reactions in living cells are involved in energy storage and usage

Catabolic reactions

breakdown large molecules into smaller molecules (protein into amino acids)