Human Physiology Chapter 1-4

Mike Aaron Test 1

Physiology

The study of the function of living organisms, under normal conditions and disrupted.

The Chemical Level

lowest level of organization; this includes atoms (carbon, oxygen etc..) and molecules (water, DNA).

The Cellular Level

includes cells, different structures and functions

The Tissue Level

cell groups that work together

Four Primary Tissues

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, and Nerve

Epithelial Tissue (Epithelium-Singular)

covers surface organs and makeup glands, exocrine (surface) vs. endocrine (into blood)

Connective Tissues

(cells, fibers, and matrix) bind structures, transport materials, provide support, and protect

Muscle Tissue

is capable of contracting. Specific types of muscle tissue include skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and smooth muscle

Nerve Tissue

is composed of neuroglial cells and neurons. Neurons are specialized to generate and transmit information through the body in the form of electrical signals known as impulses.

Organs

structures that are composed of 2 or more tissues that work together to perform similar functions. What are some examples of Organs in the Human Body?

Systems

groups of organs that work together to carry out similar functions.

What are the 11 major organ systems in the human body?

Integumentary (Skin), Skeletal (bone), Muscular (muscles), Lymphatic (spleen), Respiratory (lungs), Urinary (bladder), Nervous (brain), Endocrine (thyroid gland), Circulatory (heart, blood), Digestive (intestines), F+M Reproductive (ovaries)

We will approach Human Physiology via a System Approach?

Depth approach to total full organism

The Organismic Level

the highest level of organization in the human body.

Organism

a living individual

Four major classes of cells that make up human body

Neurons, Muscle cells, Epithelial cells, Connective tissue cells.

Neurons

are typically elongated and branched transmit electrical signals

Neurons functionality

controlling body movement, regulating hormone secretion, allowing us to remember, providing us with our emotions and allowing for perception of our environment.

Structure of Neurons

Cell Body/Cellular organelles, Dendrites/Impulses to CB from other neurons, Axon/Impulses away from CB to effectors like muscles and glands.

Neurons are classified as? Why? Some are Classified as?

Sensory, detect changes/internal and external stimuli and tells the brain. Motor neurons send impulses to effectors from the brain. Mixed Neurons.

Muscle cells

typically referred to as being muscle fibers

muscle fibers are modified for? and this creates?

contraction (shortening), motion and force

Muscle fibers are involved in what part of the body?

Whole body movement and organ related activities

Types of muscle cells? How many nucleus?

Skeletal Muscle fibers (multiple nuclei) , Cardiac Muscle Fibers (one central nucleus) , Smooth Muscle Fibers (one nucleus)

Skeletal Muscle cells are? and attach what to what?

Striated and voluntary, muscle to bone

Cardiac muscle cells are? they create? via? shape?

striated and involuntary and create force in heart via fibers long and thin

Smooth muscle cells are? and regulate what?

involuntary and non-striated and regulate movements through internal organs, materials in and out

Epithelial cells are shaped? receive blood from? via? can occur in how many layers?

flat and occur in sheets receive blood from underlying connective tissue via a basement membrane can occur in simple single and stratified multiple layer

How many Epithelial cell shapes are there? what are they called?

4 cell shapes called squamous cuboidal columnar transitional

Epithelial cell shapes? Squamous? Cubodial? Columnar? Transitional?

Small and flat, squared shapes, column-shaped, can change shape

There are five functions of epithelial cells what are they?

cover surfaces, gas and liquid exchange, mucus production and cilia also protection, secretion of glands, lining hollow organs surrounds lumen

Connective cells come in? are supported by? are embedded in what? are all fibrous?

multiple shapes and are supported by fibers are embedded in matrix yes all are fibrous and strecth

There are five functions of connective cells what are they?

connect bones together via ligaments, connect muscles to bone via tendons, support all body structures via bone, transport material via blood, protect via adipose and leukocytes

two connective suffixes are? which one is immature and which one is mature?

Blast is immature and Cyte is mature

cells of any given type tend to cluster? True or False?

True

Human Body plan simplified 3 organizations

epithelial separate outside from inside, cell receive oxygen and nutrients from the blood stream, oxygen moves from lungs to the blood via inspiration, nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine.

homeostasis? what works together for this? body is capable of? based on? its important to maintain what for this? cause it carries what? which are?

maintenance of a constant internal environment organs work together the body can adapt to environment its important to maintain fluid and water intake carries solutes which are sugars proteins and ions

Total Body Water? its composed of what? which one is 2/3rds? which on is 1/3?

volume of water is 42 liters per person composed of intracellular fluid 2/3 and extracellular fluid 1/3

intracellular fluid is also referred to as the cytoplasm or?

cytosol

Extracellular fluid contains plasma which accounts for ?% of ECF and ? which accounts for the rest of ECF

plasma accounts for 20% and Interstitial fluid

Sodium and Chloride ions are more presents in ? while potassium ions are more present in?

Extracellular fluid and Intracellular fluid

Maintenance of the body refers to what specifically?

Blood PH, ECF volume and oxygen levels, feedback systems

What 2 systems work together to maintain homeostasis? and what are the two different feedback systems?

Endocrine and Nervous systems and Positive and Negative

Positive enhances effects of a stressor while negative?

reverses the effects of stress

Biomolecules are shaped? and are the most? are often referred to as?

large and most complex referred to polymers and macromolecules

Biomolecules contain what atoms? and are considered to be? this atom forms how many covalent bonds?

carbon atoms and are organic forms four covalent bonds with other atoms

Biomolecules are composed of? known as? that form covalent bonds with?

small repeating units known as monomers form covalent bonds with each other

four functional groups of biomolecules which are called?

Hydroxyl, sulfhydryl, phosphate, carboxyl, amino groups

two major types of reactions associated with biomolecules? which one regulates by enzymes?

Condensation/Dehydration reaction and Hydrolysis/Decomposition reaction which regulates by enzymes

Four Classes of important Biomolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates are? contain three? which are? and occur in what ratio? what are examples of carbs?

sugars and related compounds have three elements and are hydrogen, carbon, oxygen occur in a 1:2:1 ratio examples are glucose fructose and galactose

Carbs occur in a variety of? can form what structures? serve primarily as a what source and can support? are polar or non-polar? meaning?

shapes serve as energy source form ring structures and support molecule are polar meaning they easily dissolve in water

three major classes of carbohydrates which are? and Define.

Monosaccharides which are simple sugars have a different structure so they react different and are glucose galactose and fructose ribose and deoxyribose and disaccharides which are covalent bond between two monosaccharides sucrose Polysaccharides form from covalent bonds between numerous monosaccharides.

what are four examples of polysaccharides?

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, and chitin

Lipids are?

fat, waxes, and oils