HS - Chapter 11 (Cancer Prevention)

the number of cancer cases is _____________ (increasing/decreasing?)

increasing

relative survival rate

69.9%

number of cells in the body

100 trillion

mitosis 

when cells duplicate and divide to replace old cells 

number of times a cell divides before death

52 times

all cells in your body have the same _______ _________, but they express different _________

genetic information, traits

Normally, the DNA molecule is duplicated __________ during cell division, however, sometimes a cell will divide without ________ ____________

perfectly, being repaired

mutation

when 2 new cells both carry a resulting defect

DNA mutations

cancers occurs with an alteration in ocogenes or tumor supressor genes

tumor 

a clump of cells that forms gwne the defectively controlled cell duplicates repeatedly 

telomeres

chromosome segments that erode each time the cell replicates and divides

proto-oncogenes

mutate to become oncogenes

mutated tumor supressor genes 

allow uncontrolled growth 

stage 0

an abnormal group of cells that are too few to be called a tumor but that may grow into cancer

stage 1

a localized tumor starts spreading

stage 2

a tumor that is large or has spread to the closest lymph nodes 

stage 3

cancer that has invaded a significant amount of nearby tissue or has spread to several lymph nodes

stage 4

cancer has metastasized

metastasized

has spread to different organs

carcinoma in situ

when a tumor reaches about 1 million cells 

angiogenesis

capillary (blood vessel) formation into the tumor

carcinoma in situ

• does not pose health risk

• called a benign cancerous tumor

• requires more oxygen and nutrients to grow

apoptosis

programmed cell death

another way to describe cancer

uncontrolled cell division

creative destruction 

the dismantling of long-standing established practices to make way for improved, innovative methods 

angiogenesis

precursor of metastasis

metastasis

breaking away from the tumor

malignant 

cancerous 

carcinogens

substances or agents that can cause cancer

genetics

plays the primary role in susceptibility in about 5-10% of all cancers

epigenetics

has drastically disrupted our understanding of genetics and has shown that environmental choices change the way our genes work and that certain genes can be turned off and on by lifestyle choices

percentage of human cancers that are related to lifestyle or environmental factors

80%

biggest factor in fighting cancer

health education

American Cancer Society guidelines on nutrition and physical activity for cancer prevention

• achieve and maintain a healthy body weight throughout life

• adopt physically active lifestyle

• adopt healthy diet with emphasis on plant foods

• avoid alcohol consumption 

additional health guidelines to avoid cancer

• limit tobacco exposure

• avoid exposure to occupational hazards (farms, pest control, dry cleaning, gas stations, etc)

• practice safe sun exposure

• limit consumption of process, charred, or well-done meats

well-done or charred meats

high in heterocyclic amines and polyaromatic hydrocarbons

two substances you should have your home periodically tested for

radon, arsenic (if you live in a rural community)

where you should obtain water

a nonpublic source

international agency for research on cancer

lists 118 known cancer-causing agents

President’s Cancer Panel

oversee National Cancer Institute

ROC

Report on Carcinogens

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

keeps an updated list of occupational carcinogens.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

keeps a household product database

group 1

carcinogencic to humans

group 2A

probably (definitely) carcinogenic to humans

group 2B

possibly (definitely) carcinogenic to humans

group 3 

carcinogenically not classifiable 

group 4

probably not carcinogenic

caprolactam

a cyclic amide with a white crystalline solid appearance

endocrine disruptors

secreted by cosmetics or self-care products

• they interfere with how the body responds to the endocrine system

benzene exposure

widespread and found primarily in vehicle exhaust

percentage of cancers related to nutrition and lack of physical activity

33%

cancer healthy diet

• Predominantly vegetarian.

• High in fiber.

• Low in fat.

vegetables and legumes 

• cruciferous vegetables 

• beans 

• folate 

• green and dark-yellow vegetables 

• orange juice 

phytonutrients

disrupt the cancer process at almost every step

role of phytonutrients

• remove carcinogens from cells before they cause damage

• keep carcinogens from binding to DNA

• Prevent small tumors from accessing capillaries to get oxygen and nutrients.

• Keep carcinogens from locking onto cells.

• Disrupt the chemical combination of cell molecules that can produce carcinogens.

antioxidants 

fight cancer by protecting against oxygen free radicals 

tea

• polyphenols are found in white, green, and black tea

• potent cancer-fighting antioxidants

• block formation of nitrosamines and suppress the activation of carcinogens

epigallocatechin

found in green tea, is an especially potent antioxidant

vitamin D

cell growth regulator and keeps cells from becoming malignant

fiber and calcium 

• linked to decreased risk for colorectal cancer 

• decreased risk for breast cancer

• lower estrogen levels and unhealthy insulin levels, protect the

  intestines by reducing their exposure to toxins, and feed intestinal bacteria that fight

  inflammation and improve colon health

spices

some have cancer-fighting phytonutrients

monosaturated and omega-3 fats

• Healthy diets contain primarily monounsaturated and omega-3 polyunsaturated fats which may offer protection against cancers related to hormone production and/or chronic inflammation

• Omega-3s may also inhibit tumor development and growth