MICRO

tourism

the temporary movement of people outside the place where they normally live or work and the activities they undertake on their destination

access, attractions, accommodations, activities

4 A’s of tourism

land, sea, air

3 modes of transportation

attractions

The main reason tourists go to a destination

historical, cultural, heritage, natural, built

types of attractions

pre-industrial travel system era, early industrial travel system era, mature railway system era, express-travel system era, automobile-based travel system era, modern-tourism travel system era, post-mobility adjustment era.

what are the 7 transportation and travel evolution

pre-industrial travel system era

This was the period before the widespread industrialization in Europe & North America.

pre-industrial travel system era

It was before the development of railways in the two continents. There were almost no regularly scheduled transportation services.

pre-industrial travel system era

There was little travel. Travelers made their own arrangements with several suppliers.

pre-industrial travel system era

It was the era of the stagecoach and the wayside inn. Only few people had the money and the reason to travel.

early industrial travel system era

During this era, road improvements such as railways, canals, and steamship services were brought about due to rapid \n industrialization and advances in transportation technology.

early industrial travel system era

Travel increased because more people who had money traveled.

mature railway system era

This era was characterized by railways which expanded their operations by running hotels and providing other travel-related services.

mature railway system era

The railways began to market their services more aggressively.

mature railway system era

Travel agencies and tour companies were formed.

thomas cook

father of modern tourism

mature railway system era

thomas cook began his company during what era?

united kingdom, 1840

thomas cook began his activities in ___ __in the year of__ ___.

express travel system era

During this era, express service increased.

express travel system era

Trains and other forms of transportation did not stop at every station or terminal but only at the major ones. This increased \n the speed of travel and encouraged more travel than before.

automobile based travel system era

automobile and car ownerships began

north america, europe, 1920

\n The influence of the privately owned automobile was enhanced in ___ __and__ __*from the*__ ______ onward.

north america

car ownership boomed in _____

automobile based travel system era

\n Motorways, interstate highways, and highways were developed in the latter half of this era which was from 1920 to 1974.

modern tourism travel system era

The period from 1945 to 1974 is known as the _____.

modern tourism travel system era

Car ownership continued to grow at a fast rate, mainly at the expense of long-distance rail travel.

mass air travel

_____ was another post-World War II occurrence.

wide bodied jets

The introduction of _____ in 1970 greatly increased air travel.

mass tourism

The “_____” philosophy and marketing approaches were prevalent during the 1950s and in 1960s.

post mobility adjustment era

this era began in 1973 to 1974 as a result of oil embargo and increase of fuel prices

organization of petroleum exporting countries

OPEN stands for

post mobility adjustment era

The present era is one in which travelers continue to look to alternative, group-oriented modes of transportation.

transportation mode

_____ refers to different ways by which goods or people are transported from one place to the other through land, air or sea

flight information display system

FIDS stands for

flight information display system

\n it is a computer system used in airports to display flight information to passengers

flight information display system

it is a computer system controls mechanical or electronic display boards or TV screens in order to display arriving and departing flight information in real-time.

travel segments

People belonging to different _____ have \n different value perceptions.

jagdish sheth

he developed a theory identifying transportation variables and the value of travelers.

jagdish sheth

He found out that travelers choose a travel mode based on how they psychologically weigh the five factors

estimated time of arrival

ETA stands for

estimated time of departure

ETD stands for

actual time of departure

ATD stands for

actual time of arrival

ATA stands for

functional, aesthetic/emotional, social/organizational, situational, curiosity.

Five Factors in Choosing a Travel Mode by Jagdish Sheth

functional

\n The _____ utility of a mode is its expected performance for a specific purpose.

aesthetic/emotional

_____ is related to such aspects as fear, social concerns, style, luxury, \n comfort and other personal feelings that the form of transportation might evoke.

social/organizational

_____ shows that the frequent users of certain kinds of transportation \n are stereotyped according to sex, racial origin, income, price/ cost, and education.

situational

refers to how conveniently located the particular mode of transportation and its terminal facilities are for the traveler.

curiosity

refers to the traveler’s perceived need to do something new and \n different.

united states, canada, europe

Trains stimulated travel within the _____ in the 19th and early 20th \n centuries.

britain, 1841

_____ had its first organized train tour in _____.

leicester, \n loughborough

Thomas Cook organized an \n excursion between _____ and _____.

1851

What year the Great exhibition occured?

london

Where did the Great exhibition took place?

englishmen

three million _____ boarded the train to see the Great Exhibition

1869

The first transcontinental route \n in the United States was \n completed in _____.

United States

in 1825 until after World War II, \n travel by train became the \n primary means of movement \n within the _____.

las vegas

where large hotels were located downtown in United States.

george m. pullman

who built the pullman coach?

pullman coach

it’s a first-class sleeping dining facility

1863

Pullman coach was invented in the year of _____

chicago and alton line

In 1868, diner car was introduced on the _____ and _____.

world war II

The popularity of the train lasted only for a brief period after _____ when the automobile began to gain more popularity as a passenger transportation mode.

cost/price, comfort, safety, scenery

four evident factors why travelers select train as a transportation mode

slowness, inflexible departure times, lack of quality in food services

negative factor of rail travelers:

japan’s skinkansen or bullet trains

which trains travel at speeds grather than 140 miles per hour.

19th cnetury

travel by ship started in the middle of ____

1840

steamship era began in _____.

sir samuel cunard

he pioneered the first transatlantic scheduled liner trips.

1990

What year the era of travel by ships expired?

cruise ships

_____ took the place of regularly scheduled passenger ships.

cruises

_____ are more of a \n vacation experience than a \n transportation mode.

short cruises. intermediate long cruises, long cruises

three types of cruises:

one week or less

short cruises travel time

one to four weeks

intermediate long cruises travel time

one to three months

long cruises travel time

December 17, 1903

In _____ marked a major leap for mankind in travel.

orville and wilbur wright

the two american bicycle manufacturers that flew the first engine driven aeroplane.

kitty hawk, north carolina, usa

the first engine driven aeroplane was flew in

kites, hot air balloons

Earlier attempts were made by the Chinese using _____ and _____ to put objects into the skies. This started a new race for supremacy of the air.

louis berliot

In 1909, a French inventor, made the first international aircraft flight across the English Channel from France to England. (distance of 23 ½ miles)

calbraith p. rogers

In 1911, _____ made the first aircraft flight across the United States from Sheepsbay N.Y. to Long Beach California.

calbraith p. rogers

He made 70 stops en route.

us post office

In 1918, The _____ used planes to carry mail between few large cities, but gave up operations by 1926 due to air casualties.

1939-1945

world war ii last for

world war ii

During _____ , aircraft became more and more advanced and aviation once again made huge leaps.

enemy

Planes were first used to spy on the _____.

boeing 707

civil air jets were developed by the 1950’s with the first among them being the _____ passenger jet

general aviation

includes all non-scheduled civil flying, both private and commercial.

destination package, stopover package, special interest package, brand name packages

Another step took the airlines into tour operations

destination package

where the ultimate destination was the unique selling point. e.g. 4D3N in Cyprus. The package included the airfare, hotel, surface transportation and meals.

stopover package

where a passenger had the benefit of stopping at other destination enroute at no additional cost in their fares.

special interest package

where travel was centered on special interest like sport, history, archaeology, etc.

brand name packages

where packages were built around famous attractions. E.g. tour to the Niagara Falls; Everest Tours, etc.

cost, traveling time, safety, convenience, comfort, availability, frequency of trips, ground services, terminal facilities and locations, status and prestige, departure and arrival times.

The most common reasons why people select one transportation mode over another.

cessna, piper, beechcraft

The three light aircraft for the middleclass market

manila

MNL

kuala lumpur

KUL

bangkok

BKK

chiang mai

CNX