A&P2 Exam2 Ch16

A set of 55 flashcards reviewing key vocabulary and concepts related to the lymphatic system and immunity for exam preparation.

Lymphatic System

A system that returns fluid from interstitial spaces to the blood stream, absorbs lipids, and defends against diseases.

fluid balance, lipid absorption, defense

What are the 3 Lymphatic System functions?

returns fluid from interstitial spaces to the blood stream

How does the lymphatic system maintain fluid balance?

Interstitial Fluid

Fluid that moves into lymphatic capillaries to become lymph.

Lipid Absorption

Process of absorbing lipids from the digestive system into the bloodstream.

Lymphatic Capillaries

Microscopic, close-ended, thin walled tubes that transport interstitial fluid to become lymph; merge into lymphatic vessels

Lymphatic Vessels

Lymphatic vessels composed of three layers (inner, midle, & outer); includes semilunar valves that ensure one- way flow; transport lymph to lymph nodes then lymphatic trunks

inner layer of lymphatic vessels

The layer of lymphatic vessels composed of endothelial lining

middle layer of lymphatic vessels

layer of lymphatic vessels that include smooth muscle and elastic fibers

outer layer of lymphatic vessels

layer of lymphatic vessels that includes connective tissue

Lymphatic Trunks

Larger lymphatic channels that drain lymph from lymphatic vessels, named for the regions they serve.

Semilunar Valves

Structures in lymphatic vessels that promote one-way flow of lymph.

thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct

What are the two types of lymphatic collecting ducts?

Thoracic Duct

The larger lymphatic duct that drains the majority of the body.

Cisterna Chyli

A sac at the beginning of the thoracic duct that drains lymph from the lower body.

L. subclavian vein

What does the thoracic duct empty into?

Right Lymphatic Duct

A smaller duct that drains the upper left portion of the body.

begins in left thorax, empties in R. Subclavian Vein

Where does the right lymphatic duct begin and end?

1. lymphatic capillary

2. afferent lymphatic vessel

3. lymph node

4. efferent lymphatic vessel

5. lymphatic trunk

6. collecting duct

7. subclavian vein

What is the steps of the lymphatic pathway?

Afferent Lymphatic Vessel

Vessels that carry lymph to lymph nodes.

Efferent Lymphatic Vessel

Vessels that carry lymph away from lymph nodes.

capillary blood pressure filters water & small molecules from the plasma

describe tissue fluid formation

same as blood plasma, just without plasma proteins; contains water, nutrients, gases, hormones

What is tissue fluid?

filtration from plasma happens more than reabsorption, leading to net formation of tissue fluid; increases tissue fluid hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid into lymphatic capillaries (creating lymph)

describe lymph formation

lymph has low hysdrostatic pressure, so activity influences its movement; lymphatic flow highest during physical exercise

describe lymph flow

1. absorption of dietary fasts in small intestine

2. return of small proteins filtered by blood capillaries

3. collection of excess interstitial fluid

4. delivery of foreign [articles to the lymph nodes

5. valves b/t cells of lymphatic capillaries allow easy entry of tissue fluid

What are 5 of the lymph functions?

Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

unencapsulated lymphatic tissue of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts

tonsils and appendix

What structures are composed of lymphatic nodules? (2)

lymphatic organs

consists of encapsulated lymphatic tissue; includes lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen

Lymph Nodes

Organs that filter foreign particles from lymph and house lymphocytes and macrophages; located in chains along paths of larger lymphatic vessels

Spleen

An organ that filters blood through macrophages, removing foreign particles and damaged red blood cells; contians lymphocytes; blood reservoir; located in upper left portion of abdonminal cavity

1. cervical region

2. axillary region

3. supratrochlear region

4. inguinal region

5. pelvic cavity

6. abdominal cavity

7. thoracic cavity

What are the major locations of lymph nodes? (7)

filter potentially harmful particles from lymph & immune surveillance (monitor body fluids w/ macrophages & lymphocytes)

What are the 2 primary functions of lymph nodes?

red bone marrow & lymph nodes

What are the centers for lymphocyte production? (2)

lymphocytes

attack various pathogens in lymph nodes

macrophages

engulf and digest foreign substances, damaged cells, debris

Thymus

An organ that houses lymphocytes and differentiates thymocytes into T lymphocytes; located in mediastinum posterior to upper sternum

1. Fluid accumulation in a local area that results from disruption of the flow of lymph

2. Often results when lymph nodes are surgically removed due to presence of cancer

3. Commonly occurs in cases of breast cancer, when cancer has spread to the axillary lymph nodes

4. Lymphedema from breast cancer found in the arm on the side of the body in which the lymph nodes were removed

describe Lymphedema (4 main points)

1. regular exercise

2. wearing compression sleeve on affected arm

3. raising arm above level of heart

4. using compression pump to help drain excess fluid

What is the treatments of lymphedema? (4)

virus

simpler structure than living cells; consist of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein coat; EX: herpes

immunity

ability of body to prevent pathogen entry or destroy any pathogens that enter the body

innate defenses and adaptive defenses

What are the 2 immune mechanisms?

Innate Defenses

general defenses; protect against many types of pathogens

adaptive defenses

more specific and precise, targeting specific antigens; carried out by lymphocytes that recognize certain foreign molecules

Species Resistance

innate defense: the ability of certain species to resist diseases that affect other species because they lack receptors, temperature, or chemical environmentfor particular pathogen

Mechanical Barriers

innate defense: Physical structures such as skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogen entry; considered first line of defense

Inflammation

innate defense: The body's response to infection or injury involving redness, swelling, warmth, and pain.

chemical barriers

innate defense: includes enzymes, interferons, defensins, collectins, complement system

enzymes

in body fluids to provide a chemical barrier to pathogens

Interferons

chemical barrier that blocks viral replication, acts against growth of tumors, & stimulate phagocytosis

Defensins

chemical barrier that are Peptides produced by neutrophils & granulocytes that cripple microbes by making openings in cell membranes.

Collectins

chemical barriers which are Proteins that help protect against many bacteria, yeast, and some viruses

Complement System

chemical barrier where A group of inactive proteins that enhance the ability of antibodies and phagocytes to clear pathogens.

Natural Killer Cells

innate defense: Lymphocytes that attack tumor and virus-infected cells by lysing their membranes; different from T and B cells; enhance inflammation

phagocytosis

innate defense: removes foreign particles form lymph; most active phagocytic cells are neutrophils and monocytes

chemotaxis

chemicals from damaged tissue attract these phagocytic cells to the injury

mononuclear phagocytic system

consists of monocytes and macrophages of body

Fever

innate defense: viral or bacterial infection stimulates lymphocytes to produce cells that secrete IL-1 which raises thermoregulatory set point; this inhibits microbial growth and increases phagocytic activity