Sociology–Module 1–Topic 5: Principles of Scientific Research

What is science?

A systematic body of knowledge acquired through objective and empirical methods aimed at discovering general laws.

Why is sociology considered a science?

1. Uses systematic research methods (data collection, analysis, theory formulation).

2. Studies society empirically.

3. Develops theories based on evidence.

What are the main characteristics sociology aims for as a science?

1. Empirical

2. Theoretical

3. Cumulative

4. Objective

5. Ideally value-free

What do positivists believe about sociology?

Positivists such as Auguste Comte and Émile Durkheim argue that sociology should use natural science methods and quantitative research.

What do interpretivists believe about sociology?

Interpretivists such as Max Weber and George Herbert Mead argue that sociology should focus on understanding subjective meanings using qualitative methods.

What is triangulation in sociology?

The use of multiple research methods (both quantitative and qualitative) to study a social issue.

What are the arguments for sociology as a science?

1. Uses systematic methods (observation, data collection).

2. Develops theories based on empirical evidence.

3. Aims for objectivity and replicability.

4. Builds cumulatively on existing knowledge.

What are the limitations of sociology as a pure science?

1. Human behaviour is complex and difficult to measure.

2. Complete objectivity is difficult due to researcher values.

3. Ethical issues limit experimental research.

4. Interpretivists argue for humanistic rather than scientific methods.

What is the main principle of ethical research?

Protecting the safety, rights, and well-being of research participants.

What is meant by safety of researcher and participant?

Ensuring that neither researchers nor participants are exposed to harm during research.

What is informed consent?

Participants must be fully informed about the research and voluntarily agree to participate.

What is anonymity and confidentiality?

Protecting participants’ identities and keeping their information private.

What is adversity in research?

Situations where hostility or danger may threaten the safety of the researcher.

What is the right to service?

Ensuring participants in experimental research receive fair treatment and access to benefits.

What does avoiding deception mean in research?

Researchers should not mislead participants unless it is absolutely necessary and ethically approved.

Why should researchers avoid leading questions?

Leading questions can bias responses and reduce the validity of data.

Why must vulnerable groups be protected in research?

They may be easily exploited or unable to fully give informed consent.

What are Institutional Review Boards (IRBs)?

Committees that review research proposals to ensure ethical standards are followed.