Dumb rock test

2 main types of luster and examples from out lab 

Luster is how a mineral reflect light

Metallic - Pyrite (shiny like metal )

Nonmentalic - quarts (dull, glassy, pearly)

How do you test mineral hardness

Using the Moh scale

Mohs scale + what minerals

2.5 = Finger nail (talc)

3.5 = penny(gypsum)

5.5 = glass(calcite)

7 and up = knife(florite)

Streak

The color of a mineral when you rub it on white porcelain

Unusual properties a mineral can possess

Reaction to acid

Taste

smell

fluorescent 

double retraction 

The two main groups of minerals

Silicates- 96% or the earth crust: silicon + oxygen

Non silicates- 4%: Made of natural elements, sulfates, oxides, and carbonates 

how the rock cycle works

 The three categories of rocks and give examples of each from our labs

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

Metamorphism

the process where a rock changes form because of heat, pressure of chemical 

Extrusive

At the surface cools fast has small/no crystals

Foliated

Has layers under high pressure formed in mountains

Why are sedimentary rocks important to geologists

because they preserve fossils and has coal, oil, and gas

Weathering

Break down of rocks

Chemical weathering

rock change from chemical weathering

EX acid rain dissolving rocks

Oxidation turning iron into rust

carbonation- carbonic rain dissolves limestone creating caves

EX physical weathering

rocks break down without changing material

Ice wedging- water gets into cracks and expands while freezing

plants- growing into rocks and breaking  

Divergent plate

pulls apart making new crust

Layers of the earth

Crust, mantel, outer core, inner core

How are earthquakes measured

seismograph which records earthquake waves, richter scale measures magnitude/energy relesed, mercalli scale measures intensity 

What type of destruction can occur from earthquake

ground shaking, landslides, fires, tsunamis

Magma

molten rock under ground

The different types of magma

basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic

Shield volcano

BIG WIDE, quiet eruption, made of layers basaltic magma,

Cinder volcano

Small in size, explosive, makes a lot of ash, made of pyroclastic material such as ash, cinder,volcanic rock fragment

Composite volcanic cone

Mix of quiet and explosive, made of layers of lava and pyroclastic material

P waves primary

first waves travel fast, compressional so it pushes and pulls, can move through solids

What makes an eruption explosive or quiet?

The amount of silica that they have. If it has more then it is thic and traps gass till its pressure

What tectonic plates create volcanoes

Divergent, convergents, hot spots

What is a hot spot

magma works its way to the earth’s surface within the interiors of lithospheric plates

What is the ring of fire

around the pacific ocean with the most active volcanos and earthquakes 

AA flows

rough, jagged, slow moving, balsalt lava

Pyroclastic flows

Super hot, fast avalanche of ash, gas, and rock

Pillow lava

rounded blobs formed when lava erupts underwater

Pahoehoe flows

smooth, ropey, fast moving, basalt lava

Crater

small bowl shape that the opening of the volcano

Caldera

big bowl formed when there is a big eruption and volcanos erupts

Intrusive 

Inside of the earth cools slowly and with big crystals 

Non Foliated 

pressure wasn’t strong contract meta

Erosion

movement of weatherd matierals by water, wind, glaciers, and gravity

Convergent plate

Plates collide making volcano and mountains

Transform

Plates rub side to side making earthquakes

wegener evidence fro continental drift

They fit like a puzzle, fossils of the same animal on two different continents

lava

magma that erupts to the surface

Basaltic magma

low silica, runny, thin, quiet eruption

Andesitic magma

medium, thicker, medium eruptions

Rhyolitic

High silica, THICC, traps gas and makes explosive eruptions

Divergent boundaries 

pull them apart

Convergent boundaries

Plates colid one goes under the other causing a volcano

S waves secondary

slower than P waves can only travel through solids

L waves

Travels only on surface levels are the slowest but most destructive

Why is the ocean crust thinner than the continental crust

ocean crust is thin and young bc it is made of basalt which sinks and is constantly getting recycled while the continental crust is thicker because its lighter and doesn’t get recycled the same way  

malfic 

low silica pahoehoe hardens with wrinkes and high iron+ magnesium

falic

high silica