Exam 3 (Nutrition) - Water

What percentage of the body is water?

60% male, 55% Female

How much water is intracellular?

66%

Why is there a difference between males and females regarding their body’s water composition?

Females have more adipose

With age a person’s water content…?

Decreases

How much water is extracellular?

33%

What is the body’s set point temperature?

98.6 F, 37 C

What body temp. indicates hypothermia?

82.4 F, 28C

What body temp. indicates Hyperthermia?

111.2 F, 44 C

Water helps maintain the body’s temperature. What is this called?

Thermoregulation

Water helps with the _______ of proteins. This is based on how ________ _____ sequences react with water.

Synthesis ; Amino Acid

What is the process of adding water to break a bond called?

Hydrolysis

What is the process of removing water to build a molecule called?

Dehydration Synthesis

What is water’s pH? Does it have a high or low heat capacity?

7 ; High

What percentage of blood is water?

79%

What are solutes that are dissolved in blood?

Nutrients, wastes, lipoproteins, gases

What organ helps with thermoregulation?

Hypothalamus

Control of fluid balance and composition in the body is _____________?

Osmoregulation

Do cells directly control the movement of water?

No

How do cells indirectly control the movement of water in and out of cells?

Moving electrolytes in and out

The fluid has more solutes dissolved in it compared to the cells. This is a ___________ solution.

Hypertonic

What happens if you place a cell in a hypertonic solution?

Cell shrinks ; Crenation

The fluid has less solutes dissolved in it compared to the cells. This is a ___________ solution.

Hypotonic 

What happens if you place a cell in a hypotonic solution?

Cell grows

Where is the hypothalamus found?

Thermoregulatory Center

When cold, what command does the hypothalamus send to the smooth muscle around blood vessels?

Constrict and decrease blood flow

If the hypothalamus makes the blood vessels constrict and decrease blood flow in a cold environment, what does this do?

Reduces heat lost to the environment

Does the thyroid secrete hormones to increase/decrease metabolism when cold?

Increase

What (systems/organs) is involved in osmoregulation?

Brain, Kidneys, Endocrine System

Around how many liters of water exchange are among the organs?

10 Liters

What are the two ways that the body gains water?

Eating and drinking, Metabolism

How much water do you get a day from food/drinks a day?

2.2 Liters

How much water do you get from metabolism a day?

0.3 Liters

What is metabolic water made up of?

Glucose and Oxygen

What is the greatest source of water loss? How much do you lose by this a day?

Urine ; 1.5 Liters

What is the average daily output of water?

2.5 Liters

What are the two types of output?

Sensible, Insensible

What is insensible water loss? How much do you lose per day because of this?

Unaware of water loss ; 0.9 L

What are two examples of insensible water loss?

Exhalation, Skin

How much water do you lose with exhalation? How much do you lose with skin?

400 ml, 500 ml

What are the two types of sensible water loss?

Urine, feces

How much water do you lose by urine? Feces?

1500 ml,100 ml

What is the AI of water for males? Females?

3.7 L ; 2.7 L

What 2 things activate the thirst mechanism?

Changes in water volume in blood and changes in blood osmolality

Major cation electrolyte in the fluid inside of the cell

Potassium

In a person’s diet, if there is a high intake of Sodium, fluid will tend to be pulled ______ (into/out of) the cells.

Out of

In a person’s diet, if there is a high intake of Potassium, fluid will tend to be pulled ______ (into/out of) the cells.

Into

What is the primary cation in extracellular fluid?

Sodium

Sodium is important in nutrient absorption in the _____________ and nutrient reabsorption in the ________.

Small intestine ; Kidney

What is hyponatremia?

Low blood sodium levels due to excess loss of sodium or too much water intake.

Hyponatremia is _____ level of sodium in the blood. This is due to ______ water loss, drinking too ____. Illnesses that can cause hyponatremia are _________,________, and __________.

Low, excess, much, sweating, vomiting, diarrhea

As a result of hyponatremia what will happen to water and cause the cells to do?

Causes water to move into cells and makes them swell

What is the UL for sodium?

2300 mg

What is the primary anion in extracellular fluid?

Chloride

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in the protein that takes ________ (ion) ________ (in/out) of the cell. This causes _______ to not be taken _____ (in/out) the cells as well and makes the mucus ______ (thick/slippery)

Chloride, out, water, out, thick

What are some symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

Salty skin, poor digestion, sticky mucus, liver damage

What are some symptoms of low chloride level?

Weakness, Nausea, Headaches

How much Potassium exists inside of the cell? Outside the cell? In blood plasma?

90%, 10%, 1%

What are the levels of potassium controlled by?

Aldosterone

What does aldosterone do?

Increases Na+ absorption, kicks out more potassium

How much potassium is lost each day?

200mg

What is hypokalemia? What are some symptoms?

Insufficient K+ levels in the body. Muscle weakness and cramps, respiratory distress, and constipation.

What is hypokalemia most commonly caused by?

Diuretics

What is hyperkalemia? What are some symptoms?

High levels of potassium. Silent condition, usually the result of kidney disfunction.

What is the #1 cause of early childhood death?

Diarrhea induced dehydration

What are some symptoms of dehydration?

Thirst, dizziness, headaches, low blood pressure, fatigue, little urine

What temperature is typically heat stroke? What are the symptoms?

+105.1 F ; dry skin, absence of sweating, dizziness, trouble breathing, fast pulse, confusion

What is the normal range of blood pressure? Hypertensive range?

90/60 - 120/80 mmHg ; 140/90+

What is the process of chlorination?

Disinfecting water by adding chlorine