pltw biomed 3.1.1-3.1.6

epidemologist

A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, causes, and control of health problems in a population.

Endemic

A disease perpetually present in a community or population within a specific geographic area

Outbreak

A sudden increase in the occurrence of a disease in a localized area

Pandemic

An epidemic that has spread across several countries or continents and affects a large number of people

nosocomial

An infection acquired in a hospital; also known as a hospital-acquired infection or HAI

infection

The establishment of a disease-causing microorganism within a host

host

An organism in which another organism lives.

pathogen

A disease-causing organism.

prion

Any of various infectious proteins that are abnormal forms of normal cellular proteins

virus

Any of a large group of nonliving, submicroscopic infective agents that typically comprise an RNA or DNA core of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. Not cellular and require a host in which to replicate. They cause various important diseases in all forms of life.

bacteria

A single-celled, prokaryotic microorganism

protist

Any eukaryotic protist of the phylum or subkingdom Protozoa

fungi

Saprophytic and parasitic spore-producing eukaryotic organisms that lack chlorophyll, such as molds, rusts, mildews, smuts, mushrooms, and yeasts.

helminths

A large, eukaryotic, multicellular, parasitic worm, such as a tapeworm, liver fluke, ascarid, or leech.

See More

normal flora

The bacteria that live in us and on us

is normal flora concerning to humans

no, natural to have in and on our bodies

bacteria treatment

antibiotics

virus treatment

no treatments (vaccines prevent)

innate immunity

Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that we are born with. These mechanisms work to keep anything outside of us from coming in

acquired immunity

Specific immune defense mechanisms. This form of immunity is acquired over a lifetime and uses antibodies to respond to specific antigens

antigen

Anything that stimulates an immune response

t-cell

A type of white blood cell (lymphocyte) produced by the thymus and involved in the immune response

b-cells

A type of lymphocyte (white blood cell) that matures in bone marrow and produces antibodies

antibodies

A protein produced by B cells in the blood; works to impair pathogens. Also called an immunoglobulin

immunity

The ability to defend against a pathogen by preventing its entry and/or development or by neutralizing its pathogenic cellular products

vaccine

A substance used to stimulate an immune response with the goal of creating antibodies and providing immunity to specific infections

etiology

The cause of a disease or condition

petri dish

a clear plastic container, is used to culture bacteria

colonies

Bacteria grow in groups

isolation streak

The process by which bacteria are streaked onto a plate to form isolated colonies

aseptic technique

The practice and/or process of preventing contamination

four

how many sections does an isolation streak get divided into when performing the process

coccus

Any spherical, or generally round, bacterium; plural is cocci

bacillus

A rod-shaped (cylindrical) bacterium; plural is bacilli

spirillum

A spiral-shaped bacterium

gram stain

A differential staining technique, named after the physician Hans C. J. Gram, used to characterize the cellular structure of Gram positive bacteria (which stains a purple color) and Gram negative bacteria (which stains a pink color). Gram negative bacteria have a lipopolysaccharide coating, which typically makes them more pathogenic.

tears

contain an enzyme that kills invaders

digestive enzymes

enzymes in mouth kill invaders

phagocytes

cells that look for invaders in he lungs- eat and digest unknown cells

normal flora innate

secrete chemicals that prevent foreign invaders from attaching

nasal mucus and cilia

mucus and cilia trap invaders

cilia (trachea/lungs)

always move upward- so they trap and move invaders out

stomach acid

pH of 2 kills invaders

secretions

urine and feces remove organisms from the body

fixation 1

heat adheres all bacteria to the slide

crystal violet 2

both turn purple

iodine 3

both bond with crystal violet

alcohol 4

gram + causes water to leave (crystal violet/iodine stay) gram - dissolves outer membrane and crystal violet/iodine leave the cell

safranin 5

gram + crystal violet/iodine overpowers this lighter stain and cells remain purple gram - crystal violet/iodine was removed by alcohol so this allows the cells to be stained pink