Ch 5 AP Psych Vocab

vocab for psych :D

5.1a: Stress

physical/psychological response to an event (stressors) that challenge a person’s functioning

5.1a: Eustress

positive/motivating stress

5.1a: Distress

negative/debilitating stress

5.1a: Stress reaction

either a primary appraisal, which determines whether an event is a threat, and the magnitude of it

or a secondary appraisal, which evaluates ways to cope with event

5.1a: ACEs (Adverse Childhood experiences)

often traumatic events that lead to long term stress responses and impacts physical and mental wellbeing

5.1a: Fight or Flight

instinct to either defend or offend something; sympathetic nervous system increases bodily functions, parasympathetic decreases bodily functions

5.1a: General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

similar to fight or flight;

alarm - sympathetic nervous system in activated; resources are mobilized; (hopefully) fighting occurs

resistance - tries to return body to homeostasis by adapting and coping with the situation; resists homeostasis and remains high; body still perceives the emergency

exhaustion - run out of the things needed to make the body run; immune system/body shuts down

5.1a: Immune Supression

decrease in the activation or efficacy of the immune system

overreacting may attack the body’s own tissues, can cause diseases

underreacting may allow a bacterial infection or cancer cells to multiply

5.1a: Approach-Approach

choosing from two attractive goals, and you can’t have both

5.1a: Avoidance-Avoidance

choosing from two unattractive goals, but you have to choose one

5.1a: Approach-Avoidance

choosing whether or not to accomplish a goal with both a positive and negative feature that go together

5.1b: Problem Focused Coping

directly addressing the stressor by either changing it or changing to interaction with the stressor

5.1b: Emotion Focused Coping

avoiding or ignoring the stressor and tending to your emotional needs; leads to avoiding the problem, lack of control, can be harmful

5.1b: Tend and Befriend

theory that suggests humans respond to stress by nurturing others (tending) and seeking social support (befriending)

5.2a: Positive Psychology

study of human flourishing with the goals if promoting strengths and virtues that lead to a generally good well being

5.2a: (Subjective) Well-being

self-perceived happiness or satisfaction with life

5.2b: Resilience

personal strength that helps people cope with stress and recover from adversity and trauma

5.2b: Post-Traumatic Growth

the positive psychological change that some individuals experience after a life crisis or traumatic event

5.3: Dysfunction

thoughts emotions and behaviors that are a result of psychological disorders; eg. cleaning the house so much that it affects your life

5.3: Deviation from Social Norms

deviating from social norms; definitions of what makes a significant disturbance changes overtime; eg. as of 1973, homosexuality is no longer classified as a psychological disorder

5.3: Biopsychosocial Perspective

bio, psycho, and socio-cultural factors work together to form psychological disorders, emphasizes that the body and mind are separate

5.3: Diathesis-Stress Model

concept that genetic predispositions with environmental stressors influence psychological disorders; eg. having a family history of depression and struggling socially contribute to depression

diathesis - genetics

stress - environment

5.3: Diagnosis

process of identifying and determining the nature of a psychological disorder via established criteria and classifications; eg. DSM-5

5.3: Stigma

negative attitudes beliefs or stereotypes that are held against those with mental health conditions

5.3: Eclectic Approach

using a combination of multiple perspectives; a therapy technique that uses a variety of perspectives when dealing with clients

5.3: DSM-5

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: American Psychiatric Association; widely used for classifying disorders

5.4a: Hoarding Disorder

cluttering space with possessions that individuals feel they cannot part with

5.4a: Body Dysmorphic Disorder

preoccupation/obsession with body defects

compulsion might be checking their body in the mirror

5.4a: Trichotillomania

feeling the need to pull out their hair

5.4a: Anterior Cingulate Cortex

a brain region that monitors our actions and checks for errors is overly hyperactive

5.4b: Depressive Disorder

disorders characterized by an enduring sad empty or irritable mood along with physical impacts that impair an individual's ability to function

5.4b: Major Depressive Disorder

an individual experiences 5 or more (depressive) symptoms lasting more than 2 weeks with the absence of drug use or another illness, one being a loss of pleasure

5.4b: Persistent Depressive Disorder

people experiencing a depressed mood often for at least 2 years

5.4b: Bipolar Disorder

group of disorders in which a ppl switch between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and mania

5.4b: Bipolar I

most severe form of BPD, ppl experience a euphoric, talkative, highly energetic and ambitious state that lasts a week or longer

5.4b: Bipolar II

less severe; characterized by episodes of depression and hypomania

5.4b: Mania

hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in with poor judgement is common

5.4c: Hallucinations

false perceptions without an external sensory stimuli; eg. seeing something that isn’t there

5.4c: Delusions

false beliefs that accompany psychotic disorders; eg. persecution (belief someone is harassing you) and grandeur (belief that you have superior qualities or abilities)

5.4c: Word Salad

jumbled ideas making up a nonsensical sentence: eg. “why do they call it an oven when you of in the hot food of out cold eat the food”

5.4c: Flat Affect

little to no emotional response

5.4c: Disorganized Motor Behavior

inappropriate and destructive movement

5.4c: Catatonic Excitement

inability to move normally; restlessness, agitation and compulsive

5.4c: Catatonic Stupor

inability to move normally; motionlessness, lack of response to outside world

5.4c: Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders

disorders characterized by hallucinations, disorganized motor behaviors, and depressive symptoms

5.4d: Dissociative Disorders

disorders characterized by a disconnection between thoughts, identity, consciousness, and memory, often resulting in memory loss or altered sense of self

5.4d: Dissociative Amnesia

loss of memory about personal information or events, typically following a traumatic or stressful experience

5.4d: Dissociative Identity Disorder

a disorder characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, each with its own patterns of perceiving and interacting with the world

5.4d: Anorexia Nervosa

an eating disorder marked by an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted body image, leading to extreme weight loss

5.4d: Bulimia Nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by cycles of binge eating followed by purging, such as vomiting or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain

5.4d: Personality Disorders

a group of mental health conditions characterized by enduring patterns of behavior, cognition, and inner experience that deviate from cultural expectations, causing distress or impairment

5.4d: Cluster A Personality Disorders

a category of personality disorders characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors, including paranoid, schizoid, and schizotypal personality disorders

5.4d: Paranoid Personality Disorder

a type of Cluster A personality disorder marked by a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others, interpreting their motives as malevolent

5.4d: Schizoid Personality Disorder

a type of Cluster A personality disorder characterized by detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression in interpersonal settings

5.4d: Schizotypal Personality Disorder

a type of Cluster A personality disorder defined by acute discomfort in close relationships, distorted thinking, and eccentric behavior

5.4d: Cluster B Personality Disorders

a category of personality disorders characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors, including antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders

5.4d: Antisocial Personality Disorder

a personality disorder marked by a disregard for the rights of others, pervasive pattern of deceit, and lack of remorse, often resulting in manipulative and impulsive behaviors

5.4d: Histrionic Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by excessive emotionality, attention-seeking behavior, and a strong desire for approval and validation from others

5.4d: Borderline Personality Disorder

a personality disorder marked by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions, often leading to impulsive actions and intense emotional experiences

5.4d: Cluster C Personality Disorders

a group of personality disorders characterized by anxious and fearful behavior; includes Avoidant, Dependent, and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders

5.4d: Avoidant Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by feelings of extreme shyness, inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation, leading to avoidance of social interaction

5.4d: Dependent Personality Disorder

5.4d: Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

a personality disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of perfectionism, orderliness, and mental and interpersonal control

5.4d: Neurodevelopmental DIsorders

a group of disorders that typically manifest during early development and affect personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning

5.4d: Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

a neurodevelopmental disorder that includes symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, affecting functioning and development

5.4d: Autism Spectrum Disorder

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by challenges with social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive behaviors

5.5a: Free Association

a therapeutic technique in psychoanalysis where patients speak freely about their thoughts, feelings, and experiences, helping to uncover unconscious thoughts

5.5a: Dream Analysis

a technique in psychoanalysis that involves interpreting the content of dreams to uncover underlying thoughts and emotions.

5.5a: Humanistic Therapy

a psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth, self-actualization, and the individual's capacity for change within a supportive therapeutic environment

5.5a: Person Centered Therapy

humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth

5.5a: Active Listening

a communication technique used in therapy where the therapist fully concentrates, understands, responds, and remembers what the client says to promote greater understanding and connection

5.5a: Unconditional Positive Regard

an attitude of total acceptance and support toward a person, regardless of what they say or do, important in fostering growth in therapy

5.5b: Cognitive Therapy Techniques

dysfunctional thinking that leads to dysfunctional emotions or behaviors; emphasizes what people think rather than what they do

5.5b: Exposure Therapy

a psychological treatment that helps people confront their fears by gradual exposure to the feared object or context; aims to diminish anxiety in a safe environment, focuses on the fear

5.5b: Cognitive Restructuring

a cognitive therapy technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns into positive ones, helping individuals reframe their thinking and improve emotional well-being

5.5b: Systematic Desensitization

a behavioral therapy method used to reduce anxiety by gradually exposing a person to the feared stimulus while teaching relaxation techniques to help manage anxiety; focuses on the trigger

5.5b: Aversion Therapy

a behavioral therapy that aims to decrease the frequency of an unwanted behavior by pairing it with an unpleasant stimulus

5.5c: Dialectical Behavior Therapy

a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy that focuses on teaching individuals skills to manage emotions, improve relationships, and cope with distress. It incorporates mindfulness and acceptance strategies

5.5d: Biological Interventions/Therapy

treatment methods that use medical approaches to address psychological disorders, often involving medication or other physiological measures

5.5d: Psychoactive Medications

substances that affect mood, perception, and behavior by altering brain chemistry, commonly used to treat various mental health disorders

5.5d: Lobotomy

a surgical procedure that involves cutting connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex, historically used to treat severe mental illness, but now largely discredited due to its ethical implications and adverse effects

5.5d: Psychosurgery

a neurosurgical intervention aimed at relieving severe mental disorders by altering brain function, including procedures like lobotomy

5.5d: Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

a medical treatment that involves electrical stimulation of the brain to induce seizures, primarily used for severe depression or treatment-resistant mental illness

5.5d: Biofeedback

a technique that teaches individuals to control physiological processes by providing real-time feedback on body functions, such as heart rate and muscle tension, often used for stress management and relaxation

5.5d: Post-Traumatic Growth

a positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with a traumatic event, leading to personal development and resilience