Intro to Management Chapter 2 Study Guide

True or False: Critics make the case that what managers did in the past was largely situational and has little application today since the situations have changed dramatically and continue to do so.

True

What are the four facets that were primarily influential in

determining the management practices of the past:

The economic facet, the social facet, the political facet, and the technological facet

TRUE OR FALSE: conditions surrounding these four facets created the "situation" that managers faced at the time.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: managers today Dont find ways to do things better by looking at what managers are doing today

FALSE

What are Further criticisms of the study of management history are based on the universal critiques of the study of history in general

inherent bias of those who are documenting these histories and their tendency to selectively use data supportive of their views, or to not objectively interpret the data, documents may be a product of the biases of those who originally wrote them and may not accurately represent what actually took place

What year was Frederick Taylor born

1856

Early in history, some of those goals of Management Practices were

Increased security by having a well prepared and managed military, or increased prosperity by having effective and efficient means of trade and production

True or False: In early business history there is a reference to the title "manager"

FALSE

Management is about finding solutions to today's problems under today's circumstances and the only constant is

circumstances are continuously changing!

What does Daniel Wern say to study to learn about history of a subject like management

Study the "stages" or time periods, examine the "schools of thought" that encompass various categories of perspectives on management, and analyze the "institutions" that managers ran, looking at organizations at different points in time. Additionally, analyze the life cycles that these organizations experienced. Study the "biographies" of successful managers and the contributions of management theorists

In observing and understanding this evolution, managers gain a valuable insight

The importance of recognizing and adapting to change

You should view the History of Management with a necessary

GRAIN OF SALT

When did the need for management practices in business did not emerge, to any large extent until the advent of the industrial revolution

The 1800s

The impetus for this revolution was finding ways to

automate tasks thatwere traditionally done by hand.

Automation allows for

Increases in production to make goods more readily available to more users, and enabled economies of scale that helped to reduce unit costs

ideas for automation led to the invention

Printing press (1400s), textile automation (early 1700s), and the steam engine (later 1700s)

Important to the advancement of the industrial revolution were breakthroughs in

communication, transportation, and energy

Bell Telephone companies,railroads, and the oil and coal energy producers, started emerging in the...

Late 1800s

The concept of having a person focus on a single component of the overall production of goods was first identified by

Adam Smith in Late 1700s

specialization of labor is common in the BLANK INDUSTRIES

Manufacturing and Service

In the early days of the industrial revolution the major sources of ideas on how to run these large businesses came from

Engineers and Economists

The limitation on Specialization of Labor was that

it did not address the critical need to coordinate tasks across individuals in order for the collective activities to work smoothly and efficiently.

Today, BLANK engineers continue to play a key role in factories doing similar work as engineers did in those early days, however, the engineering work today is more specialized

Industrial

Some BLANK at that time encouraged the use of incentive systems to increase productivity,

Economists

the prevailing view of labor at the time was that it was not in their interest to be more productive as

they could lose their job as less workers were needed and/or theycould be paid less for doing more work

the underlying benefit of achieving gains in productivity gave rise to

management consultants who had developed effective productivity improvement methods.

Frederick Taylor believed

by closely studying and timing each step of a worker's job, tasks could be redesigned to reduce time spent and greatly increase productivity

Frederick Taylor also believed it was important to incentivize the worker to

achieve a certain "standard" of performance and that the worker's pay should be directly related to how well they achieved, or failed to achieve, that "standard" on a daily basis. Also, the "standard" should be set based on what was reasonably possible, rather than what had been the historical rate of productivity.

Frank Gilbreth is known for

doing motion studies (observing the motions a worker makes to perform a job). Based on an early job he had as a brick layer, through detailed analysis of the motions involved, he reduced the number of motions necessary to lay a brick from 18 to 6 and, in so doing, increased the number of bricks that could be laid in one hour from 175 to 350

Lillie Gilbreth earned a Ph.D. in

Industrial Psychology

Lillie Gilberth Ph.D. thesis was written on the topic

The Psychology of Management" and submitted in 1912

Where did Lillie Gilbreth and what was she called

Purdue School of Mechanical Engineering, the first woman to hold such an appointment. "The First Lady of Management"

Henry Gantt had introduced the concept of

graphically illustrating elapsed time in performing various tasks in a process, and this was later enhanced with the use of computers to create more sophisticated scheduling systems in an emerging field known as operations research (OR).

Terms such as Critical Path Method (CPM) and Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) were more advanced forms of WHOSE early work.

Henry Gantt

True or False: The military also used these techniques as well as a growing number of management consultants who were helping businesses optimize their production performance from Henry Gantt

TRUE

As part of the post war reformation, the United States sent manufacturing experts to

Japan to train Japanese business leaders on modern production methods.

Who are the 3 thought leaders

W. Edwards Deming, a noted expert in statistical methods, Joseph Juran, and aprofessor of Engineering from the University of Tokyo, and Henry Gantt

What did the three thought leaders have a major impact on

Development of advanced manufacturing methods in Japan, leading to high-quality production and the significant reduction of "defects

Taiichi Ohno developed the Toyota Production System, which today is referred to as the

Lean Manufacturing System

TRUE OR FALSE: Part of Taiichi Ohno model was the Just-in-Time (JIT)concept of inventory planning where parts are delivered at the time they are needed thus eliminating largestock piles of inventory.

TRUE

True or False: By the late 1980s, U.S. businesses routinely were visiting Japan to learn about their legendary high quality and efficient production methods; the exact methods that quality-oriented thought leaders from the U.S.had originally inspired!

TRUE

"Big Data" is a term commonly used to describe

the collection of large quantities of informationthat are processed using advanced analytical techniques to aid in decision-making

Henri Fayol

A French manager and engineer by training, was one of the first to suggest that the practice of management could benefit from the development of a "management theory".

Whose seminal written work on the topic, published in 1916, was regarded throughout France as essential reading for the CEO

henri fayol

Who is regarded as universally recognized for having created the list of "14 Principles of Management”

Henri Fayol

Who was born in Prussia and is best known for espousing the ideal of "bureaucracy" as the best form of governance for business

Max Weber (Veeber)

TRUE OR FALSE: Frederick Taylor advocated strongly that workers should share in the benefits from the improvements in their productivity.

TRUE

When did welfare programs start

Early 1900s

Explain Hawthorne Works of the Western Electric Company in Illinois

The initial study was a joint effort of General Electric and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) to determine the effect of illumination (lighting levels) on the productivity of workers.

the change in the behavior of subjects due to their awareness of being studied became known as the

Hawthorne Effect

Mary P. Follett emphasized

moral leadership would enhance the effectiveness of organizations and the well-being of society

When did National Labor Relations Act alongwith the formation of the Congress ofIndustrial Organizations (CIO) come into play

1930s

Abraham Maslow described his hierarchy of human needs as

individuals seek to"self-actualize". He believed that the best managers are ones that are"psychologically healthy" and had reached their point of self-actualization

Administrative Management in the work done by Henri Fayol was the first theory to suggest ...

that the practice of management could benefit from the development of a "management theory" that includes principles, rules, methods, and procedures.

Which management theorist emphasized the ideal of "bureaucracy" as the best form of governance for business?

Max Weber

What concept was developed by Taiichi Ohno to eliminate large stockpiles of inventory in the manufacturing process?

JUST IN TIME

What is a potentially valid criticism of studying the history of management identified in the textbook?

Historian Bias in documenting historical practices, Limited availability of accurate historical data, The "situation" managers face is different today AKA ALL THE ABOVE

According to Daniel Wren, what is a common way to view the history of a subject like management?

Studying the "stages" or time periods in which specific management practices originated.

What is one of the four facets that researchers suggest has influenced the practice of management in any given time period?

Political Facet

Human Relations Management Theory evolved from the early work done ...

in the Hawthorne Studies

Scientific Management primarily focused on ...

increasing the productivity of workers