AP WORLD TEST

Age of Exploration

Age of Exploration

The period from the 1400s to the 1500s marked by European exploration and discovery of new lands and trade routes.

Decolonization

The process of European colonies gaining independence, occurring mainly from the 1940s to the 1970s.

Scientific Revolution

A period mostly in the 1600s characterized by significant advancements in science and mathematics.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement in the 1700s emphasizing reason, individualism, and skepticism of traditional institutions.

Industrial Revolution

A time mostly in the 1800s marked by the shift to industrialization and technological advancements.

French Revolution

A period from 1789 to 1815 involving radical social and political change in France.

Pax Britannica

Refers to the British Peace in the 1800s when Britain's navy and industrial power maintained global peace.

Protestant Reformation Era

The period from 1517 to 1648 marked by religious reform and the split from the Roman Catholic Church.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty from 1368 to 1644 following the end of Mongol rule.

Buddhism

A religion founded around the 500s BCE in India by Siddhartha Gautama, emphasizing enlightenment and the Four Noble Truths.

Franco-Prussian War 1870-71

Led to the unification of Germany as a country after its victory over France.

Kaiser

The title for the monarch or emperor in Germany, particularly associated with Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Entente (Allies)

The coalition of countries, including Russia, France, and the UK, formed to oppose the Central Powers in World War I.

Autocracy

A system of government where the ruler, such as the Tsar in Russia, holds absolute power.

The Lag

Refers to Russia's historical delay in industrialization and adoption of Enlightenment ideas compared to Western Europe.

Commonwealth

A looser agreement among 54 countries, mostly former British colonies, that were part of the British Empire.

Communist Revolution

Refers to the rise of communism in Cuba in 1959 under the leadership of Fidel Castro.

Apartheid

The policy of racial segregation and discrimination implemented in South Africa from 1948 to 1994.

Partition of India

The division of British India into India and Pakistan in 1947, leading to communal violence and mass migrations.

Domino Theory

The belief that the spread of communism in one country would lead to its spread in neighboring countries, used to justify US involvement in Vietnam.

Christianity

Founded by Jesus Christ around 33 CE, monotheistic (Trinity:Father, Son, Holy Spirit).

Bible

Consists of the Old Testament (Jewish part) and the New Testament (Christian addition), written by at least 40 authors.

Afterlife in Christianity

Belief in Heaven (accept Jesus, sacraments, forgiveness), Purgatory, and Hell.

Spread of Christianity

Popular due to prayer, promise of Heaven/fear of Hell, equality, easy conversion, sense of purpose, and missionary work.

Roman Empire and Christianity

Initially saw as a threat, legalized by Constantine in 313, required by Theodosius in 380.

Medieval Ages

Spanned from 476 CE (fall of Rome) to 1453 (fall of Constantinople), characterized by distinct societal roles.

Feudalism

Social system with monarchs, nobility, and serfs working on land in exchange for protection.

Chivalry

Code followed by knights, emphasizing Christianity, protection of the weak, and gentlemanly behavior.

Persecution of Jews

Targeted due to minority status, religious differences, scapegoating, and false accusations.

Catholic Church Power

Gained through tithes, donations, sacraments, indulgences, and good works.

Crusades

Launched for reclaiming the Holy Land, adventure, conquest, and forgiveness of sins.

Byzantine Empire

Eastern Roman Empire, Orthodox Christianity, and caesaropapism.

East-West Schism

Split between Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christianity in 1054.

Holy Roman Empire

Intended as a union of secular and spiritual leadership, faced power struggles and lack of unity.

Islam

Founded by Muhammad in 610 AD, monotheistic, and emphasizes community and unity of religion and government.

Five Pillars of Islam

Faith, Prayer, Fasting, Alms, Pilgrimage.

Islamic Golden Age

Period of scientific and cultural flourishing, ended with the Mongol conquest of Baghdad.

Sikhism

Founded by Guru Nanak in Punjab, India, monotheistic.

Ottoman Empire

Practiced fratricide, devshirme, and janissary systems, and was a tolerant Islamic "commonwealth."

Mughal Empire

Known for religious tolerance under Akbar, and strict Islamic rule under Aurangzeb.

Disproving Religion

Science often challenges religious beliefs due to a lack of empirical evidence supporting them.

Negative History of Religion

Religion has been associated with immoral acts and negative events throughout history.

Contradictory Teachings

Holy books and religious teachings may contain conflicting or contradictory messages.

Mongol Conquests

The Mongols were skilled conquerors due to Genghis Khan's leadership, nomadic lifestyle, expert horse archers, and use of propaganda.

Pax Mongolica

During the 1200s-1300s, the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan's successors promoted trade and tolerance, known as the "Mongol Peace."

Black Plague

A pandemic originating in Asia in the 1330s, spread by fleas on rats, causing significant mortality in Europe from 1347-1350.

Impact of Black Plague

The Black Plague led to labor shortages, increased wages, the end of serfdom, and heightened corruption in the Church.

Laws in the US

Freedom of religion ensures no official religion, while the separation of Church and state prevents the intertwining of religion and government.

Mongol Characteristics

The Mongols were nomadic, pastoralist, and had a small population in medieval times.

Mongol Conquest Motive

Genghis Khan sought to conquer the world to establish peace and end the need for conflict.

Peace of Westphalia

Ended the Thirty Years' War; countries agreed not to impose their beliefs on others.

Catholic vs

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7 sacraments, good works for Heaven, confession to a priest, Latin heritage, priests celibate, no female priests.

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Faith for Heaven, fewer sacraments, no need for priests to interpret Bible or confession.

Heretic vs

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False Christian path.

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Non-monotheistic religion.

Motivations for Age of Exploration:

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Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)

Pope divided the world between Portugal and Spain for influence.

Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition

Expelled Muslims and Jews; Inquisition hunted non-Catholics.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods between Americas and Afro-Eurasia.

Colonialism vs

Colonialism - country rules faraway land with settlers; Imperialism - country rules another land.

Great Divergence

Western world dominance post-Age of Exploration.

Trans-Atlantic Slavery

Brutal, race-based, hereditary, lifelong slavery.

Triangular Trade

European profits buy African slaves for American labor.

Scientific Revolution

Embraced scientific method, less religious influence.

Enlightenment

Embraced science, logic, reason; questioned societal norms.

Big Ideas of Enlightenment

Freedom of speech, religious practice, separation of religion and government, abolition of feudalism and slavery.

Social Contract

The debate among Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau about the agreement between the people and government.

Diderot

The writer/compiler of the first Encyclopedia outside of China.

Women's Rights Activists

Wollstonecraft and De Gouge, early advocates for women's rights.

Capitalism

Introduced by Adam Smith, the concept of investing money to make a profit and reinvesting profits to generate more money.

Anarchy

Absence of government.

Monarchy

A form of government where power is held by a single ruler, with pros and cons.

Mandate of Heaven

China's belief that ancestral spirits must approve of the emperor's rule.

Divine Right

Europe's belief that God appoints the monarch and the king is only accountable to God.

Democracy

A system where people vote, and the majority wins.

Republic

A representative government where individuals are elected to perform government duties.

Magna Carta

Established that the king must follow laws in English history.

French Revolution Causes

Against privileges of the first two estates, bad economy, Enlightenment ideas, weak leadership of Louis XVI.

Estate System

Divided into First (Church), Second (Nobility), and Third (Commoners) Estates in France.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, crucial in starting the French Revolution due to their education and resentment of privileges.

Reign of Terror

A period during the French Revolution marked by severe violence and mass executions.

Monroe Doctrine

A US policy prohibiting European intervention in the Americas.

Industrial Revolution

Began in the mid/late 1700s in Great Britain, starting with textiles.

Assembly Line

A manufacturing process where parts are added sequentially to create a finished product.

Resources

Labor, Capital, Technology, Land, and Entrepreneurship are the five types of resources.

Scarcity vs

Scarcity refers to insufficient resources based on demand, while surplus indicates an excess of resources based on demand.

Oil Usage

Gasoline, lubrication for machines, plastics, styrofoam, asphalt.

Urbanization Issues

Inadequate housing, lack of sanitation, inadequate education, rampant disease.

Labor Problems in Industrial Revolution

Long work hours, child labor, no unions, low wages.

Collective Bargaining

Involves negotiations on wages, hours, work conditions.

Union Threats

Workers can strike if dissatisfied with the contract.

Mass Culture in Early 1900s

Magazines, newspapers, novels, vaudeville shows, movies, sports.

Social Reform Movements in 1800s West

Abolition, women’s rights, Labor Movement, men’s suffrage, public education.

Common School Movement Reasons

Ethical education, literacy promotion, cultural assimilation.

Feminist Movement Waves

First wave focused on suffrage, property rights; second wave on workplace equality, reproductive rights.

Abolition Movement

Efforts to end slavery in various regions and eras.

Abolition Arguments

For ending slavery - moral reasons, Christian teachings; Against - Bible justifications, racial superiority.