Midterm

What are the 5 stages of Maslow’s Heirarchy

1. physiological needs

2. safety needs

3. love and belonging

4. esteem

5. self actualization

what are the stats for physiological needs

• Hunger (2020 – 1/10 reported food insecurity)

• Thirst

• Sleep (2019 – 23,000 reported being homeless at some point)

describe safety needs

• Desire for protection against danger

  • physical/verbal

• 64% of respondents who coached or played youth hockey said they are bullied “outside of the rink”

• Desire for protection against deprivation

describe love and belonging needs

• Desire to belong to a group

• Desire for friendships

• Desire to associate with people

describe esteem needs

• Desire for self-esteem

• Desire for self-respect

• Desire for recognition and appreciation

describe self actualization needs

• Desire for self-fulfillment

• Desire for self-development

• Desire for job satisfaction

what are the general demographic trends in BC and what kind of demands do they place on the system?

• population grows faster than before (mainly from immigration)

  • increase in cultural diversity

• there is an increase in demand for services and facilities

• policies, programs, and services will need to reflect the increase in community diversity

what are the factors leading to the decline in sports participation?

• Time constraints

  • People feel rushed

  • More multi-tasking is expected

• Most are looking for relaxed quieter experience

• Most are looking for quality experience

• “Sport is not fun” trend

• Parents will not let their kids go out on their own to activities

• Most don’t want to commit to long term sport training

• A significant drop-off in volunteerism is affecting sport and recreation opportunities

Describe the Canadian sport policy

• Calls for barriers to participation be identified and removed

• Aims to enhance participation, excellence, capacity, and interaction in sport

Describe inclusion

All participants have access to welcoming, safe, environment in sport where they can pursue their goals (ranging from participation/ recreation to competition)

Describe physical literacy

• Physically literate ppl move with confidence and competence

• Foundation for youth and kids to develop the skills, knowledge and attitudes

What are the 3 barriers to access?

• Environmental

• Socio-economical

• Programs

Describe Universal design

• Broad ideas meant to produce buildings, products, and environments that enhance accessibility regardless of ability

  • Barrier-free concept

    • Inclusive design basically

Define equality

• Everyone has same opportunities

• Sameness, justice, fairness

Define equity

• Allow all to reach their full potential

• Concerned with distribution of resources within society

What is the difference between equality and equity

• Equality gives the same resources to everyone

  • same start

• Equity recognizes the differences between people and distributes resources in a way that addresses disparities

  • same outcomes

What is a community needs assessment?

•  Systematic inquiry of needs, attitudes, behaviours, and patterns of participants and non-participants

• First and the last step of the programming cycle

• Should be repeated throughout the programming process

How do we identify the various needs in a needs assessment

·       Expressed need -visible

·       Felt need – not happened yet

·       Comparative need – comparing opportunities

·       Created need – marketing and promotions

·       Normative need – based on human need for QoF

·       Want / desire – culturally learned and sought after

·       Interest – based on person’s identity and influenced by outside factors

·       Intention – based on person’s wants and market conditions

Why would we do a needs assessment

·       Constituent input

·       Responses lead to new ideas

·       Inclusion

·       Meet the constituent’s needs

·       Quality allocation of resources

What kind of information are we gathering in a needs assessment?

Who, what, where, when, why, and from who

What are the challenges of a needs assessment?

·       Can’t satisfy everyone

·       Conflicting needs

What to ask participants/constituents in a needs assessment

• Who participants are

• What do they like/want

• What they’re currently doing activity-wise

• FITT

• Preferences

• Beliefs and values

What do we ask non constituents in a needs assessment?

• why they’re not participating

• how are they different from participants

• who are they

what kind of data do we collect externally in a needs assessment?

• Resource inventory

  • what is in the community

• Comparative inventory

  • what is in other similar communities

• Environmental Inventory

  • what can the community support

• Social indicators

  • what is the economic/political climate of the community

• Social values

  • what is important to the community members

what kind of data do we collect internally in a needs assessment?

• Mission

  • organizational philosophy and community needs

• Available Resources

  • facilities, financial, open spaces, existing program, and equipment

• Staffing

  • strengths, limitations, interests, skills, needs, availability, certification, and training

How do we collect sports participation data?

General Social Survey (GSS)

• Takes many variables into account

  age, sex, income, education, barriers and family composition

  Uses historical data to compare participation over time

what are some reasons for the low participation in sports?

• Aging population

• Lack of time – family/career obligations

• Lack of interest/desire

• Participating in sedentary activities – TV, internet. Video games, etc

what are some trends in the GSS that pertain to sports participation?

• you are more likely to do sport if you are:

  • single/divorced

  • higher income

  • educated

  • not a minority

  • a man

  • younger

what are the segments in a program planning process?

• Assess participant/community needs

• Assess organizational capacity

  • Activity

  • Budget

  • Staff

  • Policies and procedures = Risk management

  • Equipment (direct and indirect)

• Program life cycle

  • Evaluation

describe what it means to assess participant and community needs in the planning process

• needs assessment

• Where a program/service will be offered.

• The political climate of the community.

• Boundaries in which programs are developed and implemented.

• Consider special needs and requests.

describe what it means to assess organization capacity needs in the planning process

• The size and stage of development of the activity/service at the facility

• Ensure the facilities have all the necessary amenities for growth

• Budget - available resources - financial, personnel and time etc

•  All aspects of potential income

•  All aspects of potential expenditure

•  Both individually and collectively

describe the importance of staff in the program planning process

• Recruiting, selecting, training, supervising, evaluating and compensating individuals

• Appropriate staffing = design and deliver

• Scheduling

  • offer programs that fit customer needs

  • time of day, week, season of the years, length of time and frequency of the programs

• Identify the best time for delivery, user and the use of the facilities/equipment

• Staff-participant interactions

  • based on guidelines and customer service

what do policies and procedures look like in the program planning process?

• Follow industry standards

• Managing risk and maintaining high-quality ethical programs

• Accessibility, usability, and safety of the facility/staff and users

what should be considered regarding equipment in the program planning process?

• When and where programs can be offered, and the costs associated

• What type of equipment is needed

• What equipment is available

• Where needed equipment can be obtained

• Scheduling around equipment availability

• Modifying existing equipment can be cost effective

what is the Program life cycle

• Creation

• Implementation

• Evaluation

what does evaluation look like in the program life cycle?

• Continuous 360’ feedback

• Develop alternative strategies

• Impact on community

• Impact on natural environment

• Cooperation/coordination of other delivery bodies

• Community involvement

• Evaluation techniques and criteria

what are the 9 programming theory models?

1. Systematic Model

2. Benefits-Driven Model

3. Flow Model

4. Motivation-Based Model

5. Social-Cultural Model

6. Symbolic Interaction Model

7. Comprehensive Model

8. Special Events Model

9. Cyclical Process Model

Cyclical Model Tasks

describe the systematic model

• Linear

• Objectives are developed based on client needs

• Once implemented client success is measured

• Used in therapeutic settings

describe the benefits-driven model

• Based on the benefits gained from the engagement of involvement

• The benefits become the driving force for the program development

• Identified outcomes generate program planning, implementing, and evaluating

Describe the flow model

• Skill and challenge levels are well-matched

  • if the participant does not have skills that match the challenge, the participant is either

    • bored if under-challenged

    • anxious if over-challenged

  • to be effective, programmers need to have a clear understanding of human development

describe the motivation based model

• Programs based on individual and group needs

• Needs are viewed as motivators that influence decisions

• Individuals will be motivated to fulfill unmet needs = Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

describe the social cultural model

• The influence of education, gender, culture, age, religion, and politics on choices and opportunities

• Culturally relevant programming makes good business sense and agencies are encouraged (pressured) to do them

• Knowledge of a particular group’s cultural needs help program development

describe the symbolic interactions model

• Planners try to understand participant behavior

• Planners try to project potential participant behavior

  • Based on interaction with others

  • Based on specialized equipment

  • Based on specialized facilities

describe the comprehensive model

• Several (2-3) models (1-6) combined

• Intersection of equipment, resources, facilities, and staff with participants

• Combination of outside factors that define the unique nature of the programs provided to various constituent groups

• Provides a framework for accomplishing programming tasks

describe the special events model

• Occur monthly, annually, or once in a life-time

• Specific time and place

• Viewed by communities as extras and tend to draw people from within and outside of catchment area

• Special event program is unique – each stands alone

describe the cyclic process model

• Program cycle that starts and finished at the same point as long as the organization continues to offer the program

• Characterized by identifying specific tasks to be done in order to implement programs/events

• At the heart of this process is the organizations mission = philosophy

what are the cyclic model tasks

• Assess participant needs

  • (Formative Evaluation – Needs assessment)

• Design a program/event

• Pre-program tasks

  • Pricing

  • Promotion

  • Staffing

• Implement the program

• Evaluation

• Summative Evaluation

Define human resources

• The department and support systems responsible for staff personnel

• Human resources refers to the individuals within the firm, that deals with the hiring, firing, training, and other personnel issues.

what is a policy

• A plan, guide, and rule of action

• Policy process identifies:

  • programs alternatives

  • spending alternatives

• Policy choices are based on impact

  • Choices are political, managerial, financial, and administrative

• Policy choices are based on explicit organizational goals/missions/mandates

what are procedures

• Series of specific actions, acts or operations

• Must be executed in a specific order to obtain the expected results

• Emergency procedures

  • A sequence of activities, tasks, steps and decisions

  • Based on best practices

  • Instructions that implement a policy

what are the 3 delivery modes in recreation delivery

1. for profit

2. non profit

3. public

what does for profit delivery look like

For Profits require:

• All revenue come from Fees for Service

• The Board of Directors are

  • usually compensated monetarily

  • responsible to the stockholders (investors)

  • In many cases also the investors and stockholders

To survive For Profits must:

• Be competitive

• Remain affordable

• Recognize leisure and rec trends and fads

• Since fads and trend changes rapidly, must stay ahead of them to be successful

• Recognize societal trends like demographics

describe non profit delivery

• non government/volunteer/third party

Non-profit Organizations require:

• An elected governing Board of Directors from its membership

• Members of non-profit Boards are usually volunteers

• The Board reports to stakeholders, particularly the local communities which the non-profit serves

• The Board also reports to grantors

what are the two types of non profit deliveries

community development

• Process of change within the community driven by the social issues/challenges

• The intent is to enhance human existence and the quality of life in the community it serves

volunteer organizations

• Rely on fund-raising, donations and grants

  • Private Clubs – offering a wide range of sports

  • Amateur Sport Associations/Organizations –Sport BC and Sport Canada