Resp Digest Urogenital new

Rhinoplasty

Surgical procedure to reshape the external nose, often done for cosmetic reasons or to correct a deviated septum.

Nasal cavity

Cavity in the nose that contains concha (superior, middle, inferior) to prevent dehydration and collect water drops during exhalation.

Pharynx

Part of the throat that includes the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.

Tonsillectomy

Surgical removal of tonsils that are chronically inflamed or swollen and may obstruct the airway.

Larynx

Voice box that contains the thyroid cartilage and arytenoid cartilage, and is responsible for producing sound.

Colds and Flu

Coryza (common cold) and influenza (flu) are respiratory infections that can cause symptoms such as nasal congestion, sneezing, and fever.

Epiglottis

Flap of tissue that covers the opening of the airway during swallowing.

Vocal cords

Folds in the glottis that produce sound when air passes through them.

Laryngitis

Inflammation of the larynx, often caused by infection or irritation.

Trachea

Windpipe that connects the larynx to the bronchi and contains C-shaped rings of cartilage to prevent collapse.

Tracheotomy

Surgical procedure to create an opening in the trachea, usually performed if there is an obstruction above the larynx.

Intubation

Insertion of a tracheal tube through the mouth or nose to bypass an obstruction in the airway.

Bronchi

Tubes that branch off from the trachea and lead to the lungs.

Asthma

Respiratory condition characterized by bronchiole smooth muscle constriction, often triggered by allergens or irritants.

Bronchitis

Inflammation or infection of the bronchi, often causing excessive mucus production.

Respiratory cycle

Process of inspiration, where the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract to create a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.

Pleural sac

Membrane that surrounds the lungs and helps maintain their expansion.

Pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleura, often causing chest pain.

Measurement of lung volume

Tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, vital capacity, and residual volume are measurements used to assess lung function.

Controls over breathing

Chemoreceptors in the nervous system detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in the blood, triggering responses in the brain stem to regulate breathing.

Pulmonary edema

When plasma from pulmonary blood vessels flows into the lungs, causing fluid to fill the lungs and interfere with oxygen absorption.

Pulmonary embolism

When a blood clot breaks free from a vein and blocks pulmonary blood vessels.

Mucosa

The inner lining of the digestive system that is often protective or contains glands that release mucus or other materials.

Submucosa

The middle layer of the digestive system that contains a network of blood vessels, collagen fibers, and nerves.

Muscularis

The layer of the digestive system that may contain skeletal muscles that contract and forms sphincters to prevent backflow.

Serosa

The superficial membrane of the digestive system that may include the visceral peritoneum that surrounds organs in the peritoneal cavity.

Peritoneum

Two membranes (parietal and visceral peritoneum) that line the body cavity and cover organs, with the peritoneal cavity containing lubricating fluids between the two membranes.

Greater omentum

Peritoneum that drapes over the transverse colon and small intestines, containing deposits of adipose and lymph nodes that fight infection.

Mesentery

Binds the lower part of the small intestines to the abdominal wall and may also store fat.

Peritonitis

Inflammation or infection of the peritoneum, often caused by wounds that perforate the abdominal wall or burst organs.

Mouth (oral or buccal cavity)

The opening of the digestive system, with the hard palate forming the anterior part of the roof of the mouth and the soft palate having muscle underneath to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity.

Salivary glands

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glands that secrete saliva to cleanse teeth and mouth and begin the chemical breakdown of food.

Tongue

Contains extrinsic and intrinsic muscles, with the lingual frenulum limiting posterior movement of the tongue.

Papillae

Contain gustatory or touch receptors that help detect toxins, flavors, and texture of food.

Teeth

Located in sockets of alveolar bone, with gum tissue covering the alveolar bone and forming a gingival sulcus around each tooth.

Periodontal ligament

Attaches to the socket walls and outer covering of the tooth root, anchoring the tooth and providing shock absorption.

Deciduous teeth (primary teeth)

The first set of teeth that begin to erupt through the gums at around 6 months of age.

Permanent (secondary) teeth

Replace the deciduous teeth between age 6-12, with different types of teeth having different functions.

Pharynx

A muscular tube lined with mucus membrane involved in swallowing a bolus.

Esophagus

Passes through the diaphragm and has the lower esophageal sphincter that prevents backflow from the stomach.

Stomach

Divided into different regions (cardia, fundus, body, pyloric), with peristaltic waves of muscular contractions squeezing the stomach and retropulsion forcing chyme back into the stomach.

Pancreas

Produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and hormones such as glucagon and insulin.

Liver

Contains hepatocytes that secrete bile salts to emulsify fat in the small intestines and performs various functions such as maintaining blood glucose levels and detoxifying substances.

Hepatitis A

An infectious liver disease spread through fecal contamination.

Hepatitis B

A liver disease primarily spread through sexual contact or contaminated needles and blood transfusions.

Hepatitis C

A liver disease primarily spread through sexual contact or contaminated needles and blood transfusions.

Cirrhosis

The replacement of healthy liver tissue with fatty deposits, often caused by hepatitis.

Liver function tests

Blood tests that measure the levels of liver enzymes, indicating liver irritation or injury.

Gallstones

Crystallized cholesterol in bile that obstructs the flow of bile from the gall bladder to the duodenum.

Small intestines

The section of the digestive system where absorption of nutrients occurs.

Duodenum

The first section of the small intestines, with a thickened inner mucosa to withstand acidic chyme from the stomach.

Jejunum

The second section of the small intestines.

Ileum

The third and longest section of the small intestines.

Gastroenteritis

Inflammation of the lining of the stomach or small intestines, often caused by contaminated food or water.

Lactose intolerance

When the intestinal wall fails to produce enough lactase enzyme to break down dairy products, causing digestive issues.

Large intestines (colon)

The final stage of digestion where water is absorbed and feces are formed.

Peptic ulcer

Lesions in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, often caused by bacteria or certain medications.

Bariatric surgery (gastric bypass)

A surgical procedure that reduces the size of the stomach to aid in weight loss.

Colorectal cancer

A deadly form of cancer that often begins as precancerous polyps in the colon.

Renal hilum

The area where the ureter, blood vessels, and nerves leave the kidney.

Nephroptosis

When the kidney slips from its normal position, potentially causing blockage of urine flow.

Urinary system

The system responsible for filtering and eliminating waste products from the body.

Renal arteries

Arteries that bring blood to be filtered in the kidneys.

Renal cortex

The outer layer of the kidney where blood from the body enters the urine processing tubes.

Renal medulla

The deeper layer of the kidney, consisting of renal pyramids separated by renal columns.

Renal failure

The inability of the kidneys to adequately filter waste products from the blood.

Hemodialysis

A process of filtering the blood when kidney function is severely impaired.

Kidney stones

Hardened deposits of uric acid, calcium salts, and other substances in the renal pelvis of the kidney.

Glomerular capillaries

Specialized capillaries in the nephron where fluids are squeezed out of the blood.

Glomerulonephritis

Inflammation of the glomerulus, often caused by bacteria.

Bowman's capsule

The protective capsule surrounding the glomerulus in the kidney.

Filtrate

Fluids that pass through the glomerulus and enter the nephron tubule.

Proximal convoluted tubule

The first section of the nephron tubule where valuable substances are absorbed from the filtrate.

Reabsorption

The process of valuable substances diffusing from the convoluted tubule into surrounding capillaries.

Descending limb of the nephron loop

The section of the nephron tubule that dips down into the renal medulla, allowing water to flow outward.

Salt

High concentrations of salt in the renal medulla create a diffusion gradient for water to leave the nephron.

Secretion

Toxins and wastes that diffuse into the nephron tubule from the capillaries.

Nephron tubule

The tubular structure in the kidney where filtration and reabsorption of substances occur.

Electrolytes

Charged particles and mineral salts that are conserved by the body.

Cysts

Semi-solid masses that can interfere with kidney function, such as in polycystic kidney disease.

Distal nephron tubule

The part of the nephron where water is absorbed before urine travels to a collecting duct.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Hormone that increases during dehydration and causes water to be reabsorbed from the distal tubule.

Urination

The process of expelling urine from the body.

Renal pelvis

The area where urine from multiple nephrons collects before entering the ureter.

Ureter

The tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urinary bladder

The organ that stores urine before it is expelled from the body.

Internal urethral sphincter

Smooth muscle that relaxes to allow urine to flow from the bladder.

External urethral sphincter

Skeletal muscle that relaxes to allow voluntary control of urination.

Sexually transmitted disease (STD)

Infections that can be transmitted through sexual contact.

Chlamydia

An STD that can cause mild symptoms and may lead to sterility.

Gonorrhea

An STD that can cause pus in urine and may be asymptomatic until late stages.

Syphilis

An STD that can cause sores and affect various body tissues.

Cystocele

A condition where the wall between the bladder and vagina weakens, causing urine leakage.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

Swelling of the prostate gland that can cause frequent urination in men.

Incontinence

Inability to hold urine, either due to urge or stress.

Urinary tract infections (UTI)

Infections caused by bacteria or STDs in the urinary tract.

Endometriosis

A condition where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causing pain and reproductive issues.

Cervical cancer

Cancer that can form in the cells of the cervix.

Ovarian cysts

Fluid-filled sacs that can form on the ovaries.

Prostate cancer

Abnormal cellular activity in the prostate gland that can be detected through PSA levels.