DPT 744 Week 1 Lecture Notes

Epithelium

Connective

Muscle

Nerve

Name the 4 basic tissue types

Simple

Stratified

_____: composed of a single layer; composed of multiple layers.

_____: composed of two or more layers of cells; serves various functions depending on location.

Mucous membranes

Are specialized epithelial tissues that line body cavities and secrete mucus to protect and lubricate surfaces.

Serous membranes

Are epithelial tissues that line body cavities and cover organs, secreting a fluid that reduces friction.

Visceral

Parietal

Membranes:

_____ layer: covers organs in body cavities; provides a lining for the cavity walls.

_____ layer: lines the cavity wall, separating the organs from the body wall.

Fibroblasts

Connective Tissue

_____: Are cells that produce collagen and other fibers, playing a crucial role in tissue repair and maintenance.

Extracellular Matrix: Consists of _____ substance and ____ (2 types; collagenous, and elastic)

Blood plasma

Adipose

Tendons

Ligaments

Cartilage

Bones

What are the types of connective tissue?

Muscle cells

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

Cells with well developed contractility

What are the 3 types?

Nerve cells

Cells responsible for transmitting signals throughout the body, composed of a cell body, axon, and dendrites.

Grey

White

_____ matter contains neuronal cell bodies and synapses, while _____ matter consists of myelinated axons that connect different brain regions.

Schwann cels

Called glial cells, they are responsible for myelinating peripheral nerves, facilitating faster signal transmission.

Myelinated

non myelinated

_____ fibers have a protective myelin sheath that increases the speed of electrical signal transmission, while _____ fibers lack this sheath and transmit signals more slowly.

Without myelination, signal transmission becomes significantly slower, leading to impaired communication between neurons and potentially resulting in neurological deficits.

What would happen if myelinated cells lost their myelination?

Neuroglia

Supporting cells of the nervous system that provide structure, protection, and insulation for neurons, including various types such as astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells.

Glial cells

The supporting cells in the nervous system that include various types providing structural and functional support to neurons.

Integumentary

System that protects the body, regulates temperature, and provides sensory information, including skin, hair, and nails.

Epidermis

Dermis

The outer layer of skin is the _____, while the _____ lies beneath it, providing strength and elasticity through connective tissue.

Epidermis

superficial

basal

Avascular

Outer (superficial) skin layer

Keratinized outer layer provides protection (AKA horny _____ layer)

Has a deeper regenerative _____ layer

Has _____ blood vessels or lymphatics

_____ = nourished by underlying vascularized dermis

Few nerve terminals penetrate the epidermis, most are in the dermis

Dermis

Tension

Layer of skin consisting of connective tissue

Dense layer of interlacing collagen and elastic fibers

Accounts for strength and toughness

_____ lines present

subcutaneous

Superficial fascia or _____ tissue

Loose, fatty connective tissue

Adipose tissue

Thermal regulation

Amount of tissue varies across sites in individuals

Deep fascia

Dense, organized connective tissue layer that invests deep structures such as the muscles

Will form compartments, which help to maintain muscular alignment and prevent the spread of infection. In addition compartmentalizing allows for greater vascular pressure development on the venous system.

Sweat glands

Thermal regulation through water evaporation on the skin

Sebaceous

Usually associated with hair follicle, secretes oils to maintain the integrity of the skin

Hair follicles

Growth of epidermal cells into the dermis. Hair grows from the base of them and most are slanted. Associated with the follicle, is an arrector muscle that pulls the hair straight when associated with autonomic and sensory responses

Afferent

_____ nerve endings: Provide sensory innervation for touch, pain, and temperature

Axial

_____ skeleton: Head, neck and trunk

appendicular

_____ skeleton: Limbs, including formation of pectoral and pelvic girdles

Cartilage

Resilient, semi-rigid form of connective tissue

– Forms parts of skeleton where more flexibility required (e.g. costal

Articular

_____ Cartilage: Caps articulating surfaces of bones participating in synovial joints

– Provides smooth, low-friction, gliding surfaces

Bone

Living tissue which is highly specialized

– Hard form of connective tissue – makes up most of skeleton

Periosteum

Perichondrium

_____ = fibrous connective tissue covering around each skeletal element (except where there is

articular cartilage)

– If it covers bone – Periosteum

– If it covers cartilage – _____

– Nourish the external aspects of skeletal tissue

– Can lay down more cartilage or bone (injury response)

– Provides attachment for tendons and ligaments

Classifications of bone

– Long bones - tubular in form, femur

– Short bones - cuboidal, ankle and wrist

– Flat bones - usually serve as a protective function:

skull, scapula, ribs

– Irregular bones - various shapes, face, vertebrae

– Sesamoid bones - develop in certain tendons and

where tendons cross the ends of bones, protect the

tendons from excessive wear and often change the

angle of pull of the tendons, like the patella

Condyle

Crest

Epicondyle

Facet

Bone markings:

_____ - rounded articular area

_____ - ridge of bone

_____ - eminence superior to a condyle

_____ - smooth, flat area, usually covered with cartilage, where a bone articulates with another bone

Foramen

Fossa

Groove

Line

Bone markings:

_____ - passage through a bone

_____ - hollow or depressed area

_____ - elongated depression

_____ - Linear elevation

Malleolus

Notch

Protuberance

Spine

Bone markings:

_____ - rounded process

_____ - indentation at the edge of a bone

_____ - projection of bone

_____ - thorn like process

Spinous process

Trochanter

Tubercle

Tuberosity

Bone markings:

_____ - projecting spine-like part

_____ - large blunt elevation

_____ - small raised eminence

_____ - large rounded elevation

mesenchyme

Most bones take many years to grow and mature

• All bones derive from _____ (embryonic connective tissue) by 2 different processes:

– Intramembranous ossification

– Endochondral ossification

Intremembranous

_____ Ossification

• Also known as membranous bone formation

• Mesenchymal models of bones form during embryonic period

• Then, direct ossification of the mesenchyme begins in the fetal period

Endochondral

_____ Ossification

• Also known as cartilaginous bone formation

• Cartilage models of bones form during fetal period

• Then, bone subsequently replaces most of the cartilage

• Long bone formation = endochondral

foramina

medullary

Haversian

Bones are richly supplied with blood vessels*

Nutrient arteries pass through periosteum via nutrient _____

They divide in the _____ cavity into longitudinal branches that supply –

•Bone marrow

•Spongy bone

•Deeper portions of compact bone

_____ systems – microscopic canals

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

What are the three types of skeletal joints?

Fibrous

_____ Joints

• United by fibrous tissue

– Sutures

– Syndesmosis type

Cartilaginous

_____ Joints

• United by hyaline or fibrocartilage

– Primary cartilaginous (Synchrondroses) → hyaline

– Secondary cartilaginous (Symphyses) → fibrocartilage

Synovial

_____ Joints

• 4 characteristics

1. Cavity

2. Synovial membrane & fluid

3. Articular cartilage

4. Fibrous capsule

Plane

Hinge

Pivot

Ball

Synovial Joint Types

• _____ or gliding – one bone glides over the other, e.g. carpal bones and facet joints

• _____ – like a hinge on a door, e.g. elbow, IP

• _____ – allows rotation, e.g. Atlanto-axial joint

• _____ and socket – ball of one joint fits into socket of the other bone, e.g. glenohumeral joint

Capsule

Intrinsic

Extrinsic

Fibrous _____

• Strengthened by ligaments

1. _____ ligaments

• Between carpal bones alone

2. _____ ligaments

• Between carpals and metacarpals

3. Intra-articular

4. Extra-articular

Hyaline

Elastic

Fibro

Cartilage

1. _____ – found lining articular surfaces, and in the nasal septum, tracheal rings, costal cartilages, and the epiphyseal cartilage of growing bone

2. _____ – found in the ear and epiglottis, where it provides a rigid but elastic, framework

3. _____cartilage – found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, in menisci of joints, and often occurs where tendon and ligament are joined to bones

Articular

anastomose

veins

Blood Supply to Joints

• _____ arteries - arise from vessels around the joint

• Arteries often _____ (communicate) to form networks to ensure a blood supply in any position assumed by the joint

• Articular _____ - communicating veins that accompany arteries

Articular

Nerve Supply to Joints

• _____ nerves - arise from branches of cutaneous nerves supplying overlying skin

• However – most articular nerves are branches of nerves that supply the muscles that cross and therefore move the joint

• Hilton’s Law - “nerves supplying a joint also supply the muscles moving the joint and the skin covering their distal attachments”