function and homeostasis - controlling blood pressure

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Last updated 9:22 PM on 2/6/26
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24 Terms

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events occurring during the cardiac cycle

  1. isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

  2. atrial and ventricular diastole

  3. atrial systole

  4. isovolumetric ventricular contraction

  5. ventricular systole

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phases of blood pressure changes

  • systole (contraction/ejection)

  • diastole (relaxation/filling)

  • isovolumetric phases

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change in blood pressure during systole

  • left ventricle contracts, causing pressure to rise rapidly until it exceeds aortic pressure, opening the aortic valve

  • during rapid ejection, aortic pressure reaches its peak (systolic pressure)

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changes in blood pressure during diastole

  • following ventricular contraction, the aortic valve closes to prevent backflow

  • aortic pressure gradually decreases (diastolic pressure) as blood moves into peripheral vessels

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changes in blood pressure during isovolumetric phases

  • before ejection, pressure builds rapidly within the ventricle while all valves are closed

  • during relaxation, pressure drops significantly before the mitral valve opens for refilling

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left ventricle pressure during cardiac cycle

  1. ventricular pressure is initially lower than aortic pressure

  2. when ventricular pressure is greater than aortic pressure, aortic valve opens

  3. aortic pressure then tracks ventricular pressure

  4. when pressure in the ventricles drops below aortic pressure, aortic valve closes

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aortic notch

dip in aortic pressure when the aortic valve closes

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Windkessel effect

aortic and systemic pressure is kept above 0 due to the elasticity and compliance of arterial and aortic walls, resulting in continuous blood flow (rather than pulsatile)

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importance of Windkessel effect

  • evens out pressure in the system

  • allows blood to continue flowing during diastole

    • blood flow via coronary circulation

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isovolumetric ventricular contraction

  • heart contracts, resulting in closure of atrioventricular valves

  • pressure increases due to contraction, but both valves are closed so volume doesn’t change

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ventricular systole

  • pressure increases until the pressure in the ventricles is greater than the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk

  • pulmonary and aortic semilunar valves open

  • blood flows out of the ventricles

  • ventricle pressure peaks and starts to fall

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isovolumetric ventricular relaxation

  • ventricular contraction stops, pressure drops

  • aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves close

    • pressure in aorta and pulmonary trunk remain high due to Windkessel effect

  • as soon as valves close, enter a phase of ventricular relaxation with no change in ventricular volume

  • pressure drops to almost 0

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ventricular filling

  • pressure lower in ventricles than atria, AV valves open

  • sinus node fires, atria contract and push a little more blood into the ventricles (atrial kick)

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aortic pressure

  • spikes due to ventricular contraction

  • falls slowly due to Windkessel effect

  • ventricles fill from the beginning of diastole

  • pressure in left ventricle is slightly lower than left atria, mitral valve is open

    • small difference in pressure is enough to mostly fill the ventricle passively

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P wave

  • atrial depolarization and contraction

  • atrial kick

  • most filling occurs when there is no contraction of either the atria or ventricles

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QRS

  • ventricle depolarization and contraction

  • pressure increases

  • pressure in the ventricle is higher than atria about 10 ms after contraction starts → mitral valve closes

  • pressure continues to increase

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first heart sound

closing of the mitral valve

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second heart sound

closing of the aortic semilunar valve

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aneroid sphyngmomanometer

consists of a cuff with a bladder, an inflating bulb, a needle valve, and an aneroid gauge (measures pressure in the cuff)

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mercury sphygmomanometer

consists of a cuff with a bladder, an inflating bulb, a needle valve, and a column of mercury (to measure pressure)

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methods of indirect measurement of blood pressure

  • palpation

  • auscultation

  • oscillometric

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palpation

  1. fill cuff until no pulse is detected

  2. release pressure (needle valve) slowly

  3. point at which pulse is felt = systolic blood pressure

    • brief period when pulse pressure > cuff pressure and blood gets through, pressure is close to maximum

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auscultation

  1. fill cuff past systolic pressure

  2. release pressure (needle valve) slowly

  3. listen for turbulent flow, start of Korotkoff sounds = systolic pressure

    • no sound is heard when there is no flow or laminar flow

    • flow expansion results in turbulence, which can be heard

  4. continue releasing pressure while listening

  5. end of Korotkoff sounds = diastolic pressure

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oscillometric

  1. fill cuff to block blood flow

  2. slowly release cuff pressure (allows small pressure oscillations in the artery from blood pulses)

  3. pressure transducer measures oscillations

  4. calculation of the point of maximum oscillation

    • corresponds to the mean arterial pressure (MAP)

    • MAP is then used to estimate systolic and diastolic pressures