Heimler’s History Full Unit 5 - AP World History: Modern

What did the Enlightenment ideas inspire?

several revolutions

Which revolutions did the Enlightenment inspire?

- American Revolution

- French Revolution

- Haitian Revolution

- Latin American Revolution

The Enlightenment

an intellectual movement that applied new ways of understanding, such as rationalism, and empiricist approaches to both to natural world and human relationships

Further Definitions to the Enlightenment

1. Rationalism

- reason, rather than emotion or any external authority, is the most reliable source of true knowledge

2. Empiricism

- the idea that true knowledge is gained through the senses, mainly through rigorous experimentation

What was the Enlightenment similar to?

The Scientific Revolution

How was it different from the Scientific Revolution?

it took the same scientific and rationalistic thinking but applied those methods to study human society

New Belief Systems

1. Deism

- exceeding popular among Enlightenment thinkers

2. Atheism

- complete rejection of religious belief and any notion of divine beings

Political Ideas

1. Individualism

2. Natural Rights

3. Social Contract

Who could you associate with Natural Rights?

John Locke

Individualism

- the most basic element of society was the individual human and not collective groups

Natural Rights

- individual humans are born with certain rights that cannot be infringed upon by government or any other entity

Social Contract

- human societies, endowed with natural rights, must construct government of their own will to protect their natural rights

Nationalism

a sense of commonality among a people based on shared language, religion, social customs, and often linked with a desire for territory

Enlightenment Effects

1. Major Revolutions (listed in the first few)

2. Expansion of Suffrage

3. Abolition of Slavery

4. End of Serfdom

5. Calls for Women's Suffrage

Suffrage

the right to vote

Industrial Revolution

the process by which states transitions from primarily agrarian economies to industrial economies (by hand —> by machine)

What led to Great Britain's head start on the Industrial Revolution? (industrialization factors)

- proximity to waterways

- geographical distribution of coal and iron

- abundant access to foreign resources

- improved agricultural productivity

- rapid urbanization

- legal protection of private property

- accumulation of capital

Agricultural Revolution

1. Crop Rotation

- kept part of the land unplanted, so the fertility of the soil would be maintains

2. Seed Drills

- ensured seeds could be planted for efficiently and accurately which led to less waste and greater harvests

Factory

a place where goods for sale were mass-produced by machines

inventions

- Water Frame

- Spinning Jenny

Steam Engine

a machine that converted fossil fuel into mechanical energy

Slow-Adopters (eastern and southern Europe)

- lacked abundantly coal deposits

- land locked

- hindered by historically powerful groups

First Industrial Revolution Power

1. Coal

2. Oil

Coal

- the main engine of the first Industrial Revolution was the steam engine

- the steam engine was developed by British scientist James Watt

Oil

- the internal combustion engine was developed to harness the energy of gasoline

Effects of New Technology

1. Steel

2. Chemical Engineering

3. Electricity

Steel

- the Bessemer Process combined iron with carbon and blasted hot air into it

Chemical Engineering

- synthetic dyes were developed for textiles

- vulcanization was a process developed to make rubber harder and more durable

Elecricity

- electric streetcars and subways were developed to provide mass transit in major cities that were becoming large and complex

Effects of New Technology pt2

1. Development of Interior Regions

2. Increase in Trade and Migration

Tanzimat Reforms

a set of reforms in the Ottoman Empire set to revise Ottoman law to help lift the capitulations put on the Ottomans by European powers

Tanzimat Reforms pt2

1. Industrial Projects

- textile and weapons factories built

2. Agriculture

- government purchased crops to be sold on world market

3. Tariffs

- taxes on imported goods

- protected development of Egyptian economy

Factors in Japan

1. Western Powers

- western powers dominated other Asian states like China

2. Matthew Perry

- US Commodore Matthew Perry came to Japan with a fleet of steam powered ships stacks with guns

Meiji Restoration

Japan sour to escape foreign domination by adopting much of the industrial practices that had made the west powerful

Meiji Restoration pt2

1. Culture

2. Government

3. Infrastructure

Culture

- Japan sent emissaries to major industrial powers to learn about their technology, education systems, and political arrangements and implemented it in their own state

Government

- Japan established a constitution that provides for an elected parliament, which they borrows from Germany

Infrastructure

- the state funded building of railroads, the establishment of a national banking system, and development of industrial favorites for textiles and munitions

Mercantilism

- state-driven system

- played a massive role in European exploration and imperialism

Free Market Economics

- better fit industrialization

- market-driven

Free Market Critics

1. Jeremy Bentham

2. Friedrich List

Jeremy Bentham

- argued the cure for the suffering of the working class and society was not free market economics but government legislation

Friedrich List

- rejected global free market principles as a trick

- his work led to the development of the Zollverein, a customs union that reduced trade barriers between German states but put tariffs on imported goods

Transnational Corporation

a company that is established and controlled in one country but also establishes large operations in many other countries

Transnational Corporation examples

1. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

2. Unilever Corporation

Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation

- opened in 1865 in British controlled Hong Kong to organize and control British imperial ventures

Unilever Corporation

- a joint company established by the British and the Dutch that manufactured household goods, most known for soap

New Financial Practies

1. Stock Markets

2. Limited Liability

Calls for Reform

1. Political Reform

2. Social Reform

3. Educational Reform

4. Urban Reforms

Political Reform

- conservatives and liberals in Britain and France incorporated social reforms into their platform because people who wanted reforms were voting

Social Reform

- working class people organized themselves into social societies providing insurance for sickness and social events

Educational Reform

- high paying jobs became more technical and specialized, and compulsory education prepared children for these kinds of jobs

Urban Reforms

- governments passed laws and invested in sanitation infrastructure like sewers

Labor Union

a collective of workers who join together in order to protect their own interests

What did Karl Marx believe about capitalism?

- capitalism unstable by nature

- created sharp class division

Communist Manifesto: Scientific Socialism

- history obeys laws just as the physical world obeys the laws of physics

- history moves through patterns and stages

- history's major energy arises out of class struggle

Who were the people who owned means of production?

Bourgeoisie

Who were exploited by the bourgeoisie?

Proletariat

What was the Self-Strengthening Movement?

a series of reforms that sought to take some steps towards industrialization while revitalizing their culture

Because of what war caused the Self-Strengthening Movement to be a failure?

the Sino-Japanese War

Tanzimat Reforms (again)

1. Built Textile Factories

2. Implemented Western-Style Law Codes and Courts

3. Expansive Education Systems

* all were more secular in nature and divorced from the historic Islamic character of the empire

Young Ottomans

desired a European style parliament and a constitutional government that would limit the power of absolutist sultans

New Social Classes

1. Industrial Working Class

2. Middle Class

3. Industrialists

Industrial Working Class

- made of factory workers and miners

Middle Class

- benefitted the most from industrialization, includes white collar workers such as wealthy factory owners and managers, lawyers, doctors, and teachers

- could afforded manufactured products that improved their quality of life and some in the upper middle class could buy their way into aristocracy

Industrialists

- At the top of the social hierarchy, the wealth they gained by owning industrial corporations allowed them to become more powerful than the traditional landed aristocracy

New Social Classes pt2

1. Benefits

2. Costs

Benefits

- their wages were higher than in many of the rural places they came from

Costs

- danger of factory work and mining

- crowded living conditions in shoddy tenements

- spread of disease

- mind-numbing repetitive work fell on them

Women and Industrialization

1. Working Class Women

2. Middle Class Women

Working Class Women

- worked wage-earning jobs in factories since their husbands' wages were not sufficient to sustain a family (if they were married)

Middle Class Women

- husbands earned enough money to support the family

- in general, they did not work

- remained in their "separate sphere"

Industrial Problems

1. Pollution

2. Housing Shortages

3. Increased Crime

What disease was created by tenements?

1. Typhoid

2. Cholera