Overview of Body

aden/o

gland

adip/o

fat

anter/o

before front

caud/o

lower part of body

cephal/o

head

cyt/o -cyte

cell

end- endo-

in within inside

exo-

out of, outside, away from

hist/o- histio-

tissue

-ologist

specialist

-ology

science, study of

path/o pathy

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

plas/i plas/o -plasia

developement, growth, formation

poster/o

behind, toward the back

-stasis -static

control, maintenance of a constant level

anatomic reference systems

used to describe locations of structral units of the body

4 main parts of the anatomic reference systems

• body planes

• body directions

• body cavities

• structural units

anatomy

study of the structures of the body

physiology

study of the functions of the structures of the body

anatomic position

• body’s standard position

• erect body facing forward

• arms at side with palms facing forward

body planes

• imaginary vertical and horizontal lines

• divide the body into sections for depscriptive purposes

vertical plane

• up and down 

• perpendicular to horizon

sagittal plane

• vertical plane

• dividing into unequal left and right parts

Midsagittal plane

• “midline”

• sagittal plane

• dividing body into equal left and right halves

Frontal plane (coronal plane)

divides body into anterior and posterior

horizontal plane

flat crosswise plane, such as horizon

transverse plane

• horizontal plane

• divides the body into superior and inferior

ventral

front/belly side of the organ or body

dorsal

back of organ or body

anterior

situated in the front, the front, forward part of an organ

posterior

situated in the back, the back, the back part of an organ

superior

uppermost, above, towards the head

inferior

lowermost, below, towards the feet

cephalic

towards the head

caudal

towards the lower part of the body

proximal

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

distal

situated farthest from midline or beginning of body structure

medial

direction toward, nearer midline

lateral

direction toward, nearer side of the body, away from midline

bilateral

relating to or having two sides

Cavities in the body

quadrants of the abdomen

• right upper quad RUQ

• left upper quad LUQ

• right lower quad RLQ

• left lower quad LLQ

peritoneum

• multilayered membrane

• protect and holds organs in place

• in the abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum

• outer layer of peritoneum

• lines the interior of abdominal wall

mensentery

• fused double layer of parietal peritoneum

• attaches parts of intestine to interior abdominal wall

visceral peritoneum

• inner layer of peritoneum

• surrounds organs in abdominal cavity

retroperitoneal

behinf the peritoneum

Body cavities

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

dorsal cavity

• located along the back of the body and head

• contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions

• divided into cranial and spinal

cranial cavity

• located within the skull

• surrounds and protects the brain

spinal cavity

• located within spinal column

• surrounds and protects the spinal cord

ventral cavity

• located along the front of the body

• contains organs that sustain homeostasis

homeostasis

process through which the body maintains constant internal environment

purpose of the regions of the thorax and abdomen

divides the abdomen and lower portion of thorax into nine parts

right and left hypochondriac regions

covered by lower ribs

epigastric region

above the stomach

right and left lumbar regions

near the inward curve of the spine

umbilical region

surrounds the umbilicus

right and left iliac regions

located over the hip bones 

hypogastric region

below the stomach

cell

• basic structural and functional units of the body

• specialized and grouped to form tissues and organs

cytology

study of anatomy, physiology, pathology and chemistry of cells

cell membrane

tissues that surrounds and protects cells

cytoplasm

material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

nucleus

surrounded by the nuclear membrane, controls cell activities and helps cell divide

stem cells

unspecialized cells able to renew themselves for long periods of time

adult/stomatic stem cells

• undifferentiated (unspeciailzed) cells found among differentiated

• cells, repairs tissue

embryonic stem cells

• can form any adult cell

• can proliferate idefinitely in the lab

• comes from cord blood in the umbilical cord and placenta

• can be obtained from embryo produced by in vitro fertilization

gene

• fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

• controls hereditary disorders and physical traits

geneitcs

study of transfer of genes and role of genes in health and disease

dominat gene

offspring will inherit the characteristic

recessive gene

• if inherited from both parents

• offspring will have the condition

• if inherited from one parent

• offspring will only carry the trait

human genome

complete set of genetic information of humans

Human genome project

• completed in 2003

• important step in genetics health and science

chromosomes

• genetic structures in nuclei

• contains DNA which makes genes