HOSA sports medicine

Adult pulse

60-80 beats/minute

Child Pulse

80-100 beats/minute

Rapid and weak pulse indicates

Shock, bleeding, diabetic coma, and/or heat exhaustion

Rapid but strong pulse indicates

Heat stroke and/or severe fright

Strong but slow pulse indicates

Skull fracture and/or stroke

No pulse indicates

Cardiac arrest and/or death

2 most convenient sites for taking the pulse

Neck (carotid artery) And the wrist (radial artery)

Adult respiration

12-20 breaths/ minute

Child respirations

20-25 breaths/minute

Shallow breathing indicates

Shock

Measurement for respirations is taken by

Watching, feeling and counting the rise and fall of chest

Oral temp

98.6 degrees F

Rectal temp

99.6 degrees F

Ancillary temp

97.6 degrees F

Hot, dry skin indicates

Disease, infection, and/or over exposure to environmental heat

Cool, clammy skin is and and indicator

Trauma, shock, and/or heat exhaustion

Cool and dry skin is displayed because of...

Overexposure to cold

Irregular or gasping breath

Cardiac related

Red skin color

Heat stroke,diabetic coma, and/or high blood pressure

White skin color

Insufficient circulation, shock, fright, hemorrhage, heat exhaustion and/or insulin shock

Blue skin

Circulated blood is poorly oxygenated

Constricted pupils

Injury to the central nervous system and/or intake of a depressant drug

Dilated pupils

Head injury, shock, heat stroke, hemorrhage, and/or intake of a stimulant drug

Failing pupils to light

Brain injury, intake of alcohol, or drug poisoning

PEARL

Pupils Equal And Reactive to Light

Evaluation of LOC

Athlete's mental awareness, Memory and ability to recall, Response to commands (direction, events, etc.)

AVPU

Alert, Verbal, Responds to pain, Unresponsive

4 basic patterns of movement

Active, Passive, Assistive, Resistive

Nerve stimulation

Check for motor and sensory to determine if affected area has nerve damage

Normal Blood Pressure

120/80

Systolic

When the heart contracts

Diastolic

As the heart relaxes

Team Physician

To be available when emergency situations arise, Physicals, Clearing players to return to activity

BOC Certified Athletic Trainer

Prevention, Clinical Education and Diagnosis, Immediate care, Treatment, rehabilitation, and conditioning, Organization and administration, Professional responsibility

Athletes

Responsibility to maintain good physical condition, Practice techniques taught by coaches

Parents

Assist in keeping athlete healthy and are updated about injury or illness. Should be provided with info on nutrition and recommend home treatments. If athlete is a minor, AT should alert parents immediately

Officials

Responsible for enforcing fair rules, monitoring playing conditions, and cooperating with AT and physician

Coaches

Must plan practices that include conditioning and training of athletes and teach techniques and rules of sport. Practices must be of reasonable duration, taking skill level, fatigue, and environmental conditions into consideration. Selecting, fitting, and maintaining protective equipment. Supervision of practice and game facilities must be reviewed by coaching staff. Must update education by attending clinics, review rule change, skill development, first aid/ CPR. Athletes wellbeing is 1st. Works close with team physician and BOC certified AT.

Athletic Training Student

Defined by interest , experience in allied healthcare, desire to gain knowledge of profession. Start with maintaining a clean athletic training area/facility. Other duties include inventory control, keeping track of supplies and equipment, and communication to head trainer. Should have checklist for practice, games, or road trips. Packing kits and other preparation activities. Preparing an sport/electrolyte drink or water. Documenting weight before and after practice. Recording for daily treatments. Treatments such as taping, wrapping, changing dressings,giving minor treatments, and first aid procedures

Physical Rehabilitation program goal

To return the injured athlete to pre-injury levels of strength, power, endurance, flexibility, and confidence as quickly and safely as possible.

Rehab program focuses on...

Injured body part

What happens when and if an athlete returns to activity without undergoing physical rehabilitation?

Could become re-injured.

Aggressive rehab program will require...

Particular exercise program by athlete at a level slightly lower than what causes pain,

5 phases of physical rehabilitation that need to be addressed-

post surgical/ acute injury, early exercise, intermediate exercise, advanced exercise, initial sports re-entry

Along with exercise, AT must also deal with ....

decreasing pain, effusion, inflammatory response to trauma

Returning an athlete to a pain-free active range of motion will increase...

- muscular strength, power, and endurance to anatomical structure

4 basic components of any physical rehab program are...

therapeutic exercise, therapeutic modalities, athletic education, goal setting

When determining purpose of an exercise, always consider...

joint range of motion, muscle strength, power, endurance, balance, proprioception, kinesthetic awareness and cardiovascular fitness (total body conditioning)

Progressive resistive exercises are used to increase...

Muscular strength, power, and endurance

Purpose of Taping and wrapping

Primary: to provide additional support, stability, and compression for affected body part.

Taping and wrapping techniques can be applied to...

Shorten the muscles angle of pull, Decrease joint range of motion, Secure pads, bandages and protective devices, Apply compression to aid in controlling swelling

Taping: prep removal of hair

The athlete should shave the affected body part. This eu ensure a good solid foundation for the tape, will allow for easy tape removal, and will reduce skin irritation.

Taping prep: spray adherent

Spray the affected area with an adherent to aid adhesive quality

Taping prep- skin lubricants

In areas of high friction or sensitivity, a skin lubricant such as heel and lace pad will help reduce the possibility of irritation

Taping prep- underwrap

Foam wrap used to hold heel and lace pads in place. Use of underwrap over entire taping area can compromise stability of taping technique

Common terminology for the wraps are...

Spica, figure of eight, and pad support.

Spica wraps

Traditionally employed at the hip and shoulder joints.

Figure of eight wraps

Placed over ankle, knee, elbow, and wrist, and hand joints.

Supportive wraps

Aid in securing pads after proper placement of felt, foam rubber, and protective devices.

What does PRICES stand for?

Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression Elevation, Support

What kind of pattern is used when applying a compression wrap?

Spiral

Compression wrapping process

Start distal to injury, cross injured joint, and finish proximal to affected area.

How does elevation assist in a compression wrap?

Assists in moving fluids out of injured area.

When should compression wraps take place?

Every 4 hours.

When applying supportive techniques to an athlete you should...

Be aware of specific rules for that particular sport.

Primary purpose for protective device...

Prevent an injury and to protect injured anatomical structures from firth aggravation.

Protective device can be applied to add...

Additional protection, support, stability, and compression.

How are braces and special devices are beneficial?

If are intelligently selected, used within the rules and guidelines of specific sport.

Foam

used in conjunction with various taping/wrapping procedures to increase efficacy of technique.

things to keep in mind about foam is...

proper size, thickness, shape, and foam composition

thermoplastic

can allow the injured athlete to return to practice and or competition with an increased awareness that the injury will be protected.

because the hardness of thermoplastic...

may be restricted from some sports, limited to a certain body part, require padding according to guidelines

Felt

applied by same criteria as foam.

factors to be considered in construction and application of felt pad are...

size, thickness, and use of either adhesive or non-adhesive felt.

in the construction of a special pad, the following criteria should be considered...

1- does the pad meet specific rules and guidelines of sport?
2- does the pad perform the function for which it was designed?
3- will the pad contribute to further injury to the area or to an adjacent area?
4- Will the pad alter the function or void the warranty of a manufactured piece of equipment (i.e., helmet, shoulder pads)

Blisters

most often found on the feet. as the layers of skin rub together, friction causes separation. The body responds with fluid formation. The fluid causes pressure on nerve endings- perceived as pain.

what happens when a blister is neglected?

may break and causes a open wound.

ankle sprains

range from muscle strains and ligament strains to dislocations and fractures.

mechanism of ankle sprain is usually...

combination of excessive inversion and plantar flexion.

ligament most often injured in an ankle sprain

anterior talofibular

why are ankle taping most preventive of inversion sprain?

because sprains are mostly lateral.

Which is less common? Eversion or Inversion.

Eversion

Medial side of ankle is the...

Deltoid ligament

Deltoid Ligament

Helps prevent excessive eversion or turning of the heel outward mvmt.

Categories of sprains

First degree, second degree, or third degree.

First degree sprain

One or more of supporting ligaments and surrounding tissues are stretched. Minor discomfort, point tenderness, little to know swelling. No abnormal movement in the joint to indicate lack of stability.

Second degree sprain

A portion of one or more ligaments are torn. There is slight pain, swelling, point tenderness, disability and loss of function. There is slight abnormal movement in the joint. The athlete may not be able to walk normally and will favor the injured leg.

Assumption of Risk

knowing of risk and still taking the chance.

Commission

Authorization; act of giving authority to an individual to do the right thing

Ommision

Not doing the right thing

HIPPA

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act

Informed Consent

permission granted in the knowledge of the possible consequences

Liability

Legal responsibility

Malpractice

Failure by a health professional to meet accepted standards

Negligence

Careless neglect, often resulting in injury

liability insurance

Covers when liable or responsible for an accident where others are injured or killed

scope of practice

Most commonly defined by state law; outlines the care you are able to provide for the patient.

Title IX

A law that bans gender discrimination in schools that receive federal funds

Sagittal Plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.