Bio Final

What is biology?

The study of life.

What are the seven characteristics of all living things?

1. Being made of one or more cells 2) Uses energy 3) Reproduces 4) Responds to the environment 5) Grows and develops 6) Maintains homeostasis 7) Has DNA

Define metabolism.

All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism.

What is catabolism?

The breakdown of food components into simpler forms to provide energy and building blocks.

What is anabolism?

The part of metabolism involved in building or repairing the body.

Define homeostasis.

Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism.

What is the scientific method?

A systematic method for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.

Define hypothesis.

Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question.

Why is a control group used in an experiment?

To establish a baseline for comparison against the experimental group.

In science, conclusions are based on what?

Data.

Why are microscopes important in science?

They enable the investigation of cell structure and observation of microorganisms.

Difference between resolution and magnification?

Magnification makes objects appear larger; resolution distinguishes two objects from each other.

What are the 4 organic compounds/major macromolecules?

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.

What are the subunits of carbohydrates?

Monosaccharides (simple sugars).

What are the subunits of lipids?

Fatty acids and glycerol.

What are the subunits of proteins?

Amino acids.

What are the subunits of nucleic acids?

Nucleotides.

What is the pH for an acidic substance?

Less than 7.

What is the pH for a basic substance?

Greater than 7.

What is the pH for a neutral substance?

How does hydrogen concentration relate to pH?

Higher H+ concentration results in lower pH.

What did Hooke observe?

Plant cells, specifically cell walls in cork tissue.

What did Leeuwenhoek observe?

Cells he named animalcules.

Identify the 3 parts of the cell theory.

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2) A cell is the basic unit of life 3) All cells come from pre-existing cells.

General characteristics of prokaryotic cells?

Much smaller than eukaryotic cells, no nucleus, lack organelles, encased by a cell wall.

General characteristics of eukaryotic cells?

Larger than prokaryotic cells, true nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, rod-shaped chromosomes.

What three parts are found in a cell?

Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm.

Function of the nucleus?

To house the DNA.

Function of ribosomes?

Makes proteins.

Function of vacuole?

Long-term storage of materials the cell needs.

Function of cytoskeleton?

Gives the cell its shape and keeps organelles in place.

Function of chloroplast?

The site of photosynthesis.

Function of the cell (plasma) membrane?

Regulates what enters and exits the cell.

Function of lysosome?

Recycles macromolecules and organelles.

Function of cytoplasm?

Supports organelles and contains building blocks of macromolecules.

Function of centrioles?

Aids in separating chromosomes during cell division.

Function of endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein highway that modifies and exports proteins.

Function of the Golgi body (apparatus)?

Packaging and sorting of proteins.

Function of mitochondria?

Site of cellular respiration, where ATP is produced.

Identify structures found only in animal cells.

Centrosome and lysosomes.

Identify structures found only in plant cells.

Chloroplasts, cell walls, and vacuoles.

Organization of a multicellular organism from simple to complex?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.

Is the cell membrane permeable, impermeable, or selectively permeable?

Selectively permeable.

Define equilibrium.

Condition where reactants and products are formed at the same rate.

Define diffusion.

Movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration.

Define osmosis.

Diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane.

Effect of a hypotonic solution on a cell?

Cell swells due to water entering.

Effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?

Cell shrinks due to water leaving.

Effect of an isotonic solution on a cell?

No change in cell size.

What is facilitated diffusion?

Diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels.

Difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis is taking in substances, exocytosis is expelling substances.

Difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis?

Phagocytosis engulfs large particles, pinocytosis engulfs liquid.

What is photosynthesis?

Process converting light energy to chemical energy, producing sugar and oxygen.

What is the green pigment in plants?

Chlorophyll.

Equation for photosynthesis?

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

What organisms carry out photosynthesis?

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria.

What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle).

What is cellular respiration?

Process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules in the presence of oxygen.

Equation for cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP.

What organisms carry out cellular respiration?

Plants, animals, fungi, protists, and some bacteria.

By-product of cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water.

Difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic requires oxygen and releases more energy; anaerobic does not.

Two types of fermentation?

Alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation.

Energy molecule used by cells?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

How is energy released?

In the form of heat and light.

Define haploid.

A cell that has one copy of each chromosome.

Define diploid.

A cell that has two copies of each chromosome.

What happens during G1 phase?

The cell grows and takes in nutrients.

What happens during S phase?

The cell's DNA is replicated.

What happens during G2 phase?

The cell prepares for mitosis.

How many daughter cells produced at the end of mitosis?

Two diploid daughter cells.

What occurs during prophase?

Chromatin condenses into chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down.

What occurs during metaphase?

Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate.

What occurs during anaphase?

Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles.

How many divisions occur in meiosis?

Two divisions.

What process does NOT occur between meiosis I and II?

Interphase.

How many daughter cells produced at the end of meiosis?

Four haploid cells.

What is a gamete?

A sex cell (egg or sperm).

What type of gamete is found in males?

Sperm.

What type of gamete is found in females?

Egg.

Are gametes haploid or diploid?

Haploid.

Define fertilization.

Fusion of an egg and sperm cell.

Define zygote.

Cell formed when a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete.

What is cancer?

A class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division.

Which chromosome pair determines sex?

The 23rd pair.

Identify sex chromosomes in females and males.

Females have XX, males have XY.

Who was Gregor Mendel?

A scientist known as the father of modern genetics who experimented on pea plants.

Mendel’s principles of heredity?

1. Law of segregation 2) Law of independent assortment.

Which principle describes the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Mendel's law of segregation.

Define heredity.

Study of how traits are passed from parent to offspring.

What is an allele?

Alternative form of a gene at a specific locus.

Define genetics.

Study of heredity patterns and variation.

Define genotype.

The genetic makeup of an organism.

Define phenotype.

The physical characteristics of an organism.

Define homozygous.

Having two of the same alleles at a locus.

Define heterozygous.

Having two different alleles at a locus.

Define incomplete dominance.

Heterozygous phenotype is a blend of two homozygous phenotypes.

Define codominance.

Both alleles are expressed equally in a heterozygous genotype.

Define test cross.

Cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and a recessive phenotype.

Define multiple allele trait.

More than two alleles govern the trait.