Test 3 <( •̀ᴖ•́)>

5 adaptive strategies & define them

• food foraging- hunt, fish, plant gather to survive

• pastoralism- domestication/herding animals

• horticulture- small garden grow veggies >.<

• agriculture- large fields/farming

• industrial- store food, from machines/factories

Economic benefits of:

• foraging

• horticulture

• pastoralism

• agriculture

• industrialization

• forage: share resources

• hortico: grow food 4 family, sell xtra

• pastor: trade animal produce, herds=wealth

• agri: supports large pop

• industrial: jobs, more tech

define economy

• cultural adaptation of humans to use

  environment+resources to thrive

5 results of agriculture

• pop growth

• more jobs

• classes

• permanent settlements

• neg enviro exploitation

market exchange

buyers & sellers trade goods w supply+demand

redistribution

$ collected from group & redistributes (i.e. taxes)

reciprocity

exchange of resources & goods

btwn ppl of equal status to strengthen ties

3 kinds of reciprocity

• generalized- give giving, expect no return

• balanced- gift give, expect sum of equal value in return

• negative- attempt to get sum of greater value than received

triangular trade

europe, africa, americas

exchange of goods: sugar; slaves; cotton

colonialism

states extend political, military, economic power

beyond own borders

neocolonialism

continued pattern of unequal econ relations

despite end of military control (i.e Taiwan)

modernization theories

says colonialism ended

bc of industrialization of underdeveloped countries

dependency theories

argue though colonialism ended,

modern econ system hasn’t changed (exploit)

differentiate:

• core countries

• semi-periphery countries

• periphery countries

• underdeveloped

• core: former colonial industrial countries dominate global sys

• semi-peri: between core/peri

• peri: least developed, exploited for cheap labor

• under: poor bc of corrupt gov

Berlin conference of 1885

• countries

• why bad

• Germany, Portugal, France

• x own African land, but wanted to divide it up (natural rivers, mountains)

• ignored pre-exist villages, ethnicities, lang, & no african representatives

Henry Ford

• T model: affordable car for commoners

• 5 dollar 8hr work day→

  happy workers=loyalty=up production=buy themselves

3 reasons why was Fordism revolutionary

• 20th century dominant model of mass production

• assembly lines=division of labor

• established social relations btwn labor, corp, & gov (high wages & benefits for hard work)

neoliberalism

promotes free market thru deregulation, &

privatization (reduce gov intervention!)

Industrial Revolution

18-19th century shift from agr to machinery

Development

• what

• why

• where

• post WWII strategy of wealthy nations

• to spur economic growth, alleviate poverty, & raise living standards

• in their former colonies

Labeling Mechanism

used by corp to label reallocating resources as being

for “common good” to attract support

flexible accumulation

to accumulate profit, corporations use flexible strategies:

• ex: flexible labor (temporary workers,outsourcing), industrial tech etc

commodity chains

hands items pass thru btwn product & consumer

(i.e shein local warehouses)

Colonialism effect on

• WWII

• Haiti

• Trade

• WWII ended colonialism bc too expensive for countries to maintain

• Haiti 1st African colony to be independent

• Increased trade routes

Built Environment

intentional features of human settlement (i.e buildings)

settler colonialism

displacement of indigenous ppl

(settle & take their land & resources)

Panama Canal

• what

  • 4 impacts

• huge ditch needed tons of fresh water

  • destroyed landscape

  • ruined river trade routes

  • towns underwater (relocate)

  • divided country

Banaba impact

• what

  • impact

• phosphate surface damage

  • forced ppl to relocate to Fiji

Maldives

• what

  • 2 enviro impacts

• lowest sea level country

  • rise sea levels & temp

  • eroding coastlines

Florida everglades gladesmen

• gladesmen were poor rural whites.

• they survived off alligator hunting (sustainably!)

• but it became illegal since alligators endangered

environmental anthropology

study btwn humans & enviro

ecological histories

how enviro & ecosys have changed over time

• how humans, animals, plants interacted

describe globalization on:

• anthropocene

• industrial agriculture

• enviro vulnerability

• views on nature

• anthropocene- current geological area permanently shapes planet

• machine farming=mass food production

• minorities most enviro vulnerable

• views on nature: highly political, less scientific

multi-species ethnography

looks at world from all species,

more than just human perspective

Sustainability

consuming at a rate without undermining enviro & future generations

Gentrification

urban renewal & wealthy newcomers replace

low-income residents (often ppl of color) 

Ecotourism

tours remote natural enviro

to support local communities & conservation efforts 

people & nature

• coexistence

commonly seen as separate, but they are interconnected

• humans & nature living together

ecosystem service

• list some examples

• services humans get from nature

  • (i.e clean air, fresh water, food, pollination from bees, forest climate control)

ecosystem service model

recognizes functions & assigns value to ecosystem services

Protests in regard to indigenous communities?

• they lead peaceful social movements for enviro justice

Ecological Footprint

resources & waste we derive from consumption

agency

ability to make own choices

carrying capacity

max capacity an ecosys holds

transhumance

moving livestock seasonally to diff areas 

Matsukake Foragers

• mushrooms that arose after Hiroshima atomic bombs

• rare gourmet food item/delicacy;

• harvest essential to Japanese foraging communities 

2008 financial crisis

• major econ crash; banks gave out too many risky home loans

• bc gov had no regulation policies on them (no oversight),

• ppl couldnt pay em back

pros & 3 cons of conservation efforts

• pros- can preserve areas

• cons:

  • scientists feel need to protect enviro from locals

  • rely on western views to divide nature

  • communities connected to global econ (good & bad)

Jamaica World Bank incident

• Jamaica borrowed money from World Bank

• had to cut support to farmers and open up to foreign goods. 

• This hurt local agriculture & made it harder for farmers to survive.

Wallersteid

• theory

• created World System’s Theory

  (core, periphery, semip countries etc)

John Keye

• who was he

• theory & describe

• result

• Father of Keynesian Economics

• said capitalism was best when regulated by gov to settle econ thru  

• Fiscal Austerity Measures i.e. lower taxes to boost demand & free access to markets

• Helped countries recover from WWII 

Anna Tsing

• friction=messy & unequal encounters btwn

  global & local connections

Robert Gordon

• argued against incorrect stereotypes of nubian hunter gatherers

• he said they had diverse languages, were involved in trade, mined copper, & resisted colonialism but were relocated