Bio Final

1. What is biology? 

The study of life. 

2. What are the seven characteristics of all living things? 

1.) Being made of a cell (s)

2.) Uses Energy

3.) Reproduces 

4.) Responds to the change in its environment

5.) Grows and develops

6.) Maintains homeostasis

7.) Has DNA that contains genetic information that can be passed on to its offspring

3. Define metabolism - 

All chemical processes that synthesize or break down materials within an organism

4. What are the processes that are included in metabolism?

Catabolism – the breakdown of food components (such as carbohydrates, proteins and dietary fats) into their simpler forms, which can then be used to provide energy and the basic building blocks needed for growth and repair. 

Anabolism – the part of metabolism in which our body is built or repaired

5. Define homeostasis -  

Regulation and maintenance of constant internal conditions in an organism. 

6. What is the scientific method? List the steps in order.

7. Define hypothesis -  

Proposed explanation or answer to a scientific question. 

8. Why is a control group used in an experiment? 

To have a group to compare your results to; to establish a baseline. 

9. In science, conclusions are based on  

Data

10. Why are microscopes so important in science?

Microscopes allowed scientists to investigate cell structure, observe the tiniest details of plants, animals, and fungi, and learn about the presence of microbes.

11. What is the difference between resolution and magnification?

Magnification is the ability to make small objects seem larger, such as making a microscopic organism visible. Resolution is the ability to distinguish two objects from each other.

12. What are the 4 organic compounds/major macromolecules?

carbohydrates, lipids (or fats), proteins, and nucleic acids.

13. What are the subunits of each organic compound/major macromolecule?

Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides (simple sugars)

Lipids - Fatty acids and glycerol

Proteins - Amino acids

Nucleic acids - Nucleotides

14. What is the pH for an acidic, basic, and neutral substance?

A pH of 7 is neutral. A pH less than 7 is acidic, and a pH greater than 7 is basic.

15. How does the concentration of hydrogen relate to the pH of a solution?

The higher the H+ ion concentration is, the lower the pH of the solution.

1. What did Hooke observe?

Hooke had discovered plant cells; more precisely, what Hooke saw were the cell walls in cork tissue.

2. What did Leeuwenhoek observe? 

He looked and saw cells, named animalcules. 

3. Identify the 3 parts to the cell theory

• All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

• A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms.

• All cells arise from pre-existing cells.

4. What are the general characteristics of a typical prokaryotic cell?

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells, have no nucleus, and lack organelles. All prokaryotic cells are encased by a cell wall.

5. What are the general characteristics of a typical eukaryotic cell?

Eukaryotic cells are larger than prokaryotic cells and have a “true” nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, and rod-shaped chromosomes. The nucleus houses the cell's DNA and directs the synthesis of proteins and ribosomes.

6. Which cell structure is found in a cell?

A cell consists of three parts: the cell membrane, the nucleus, and, between the two, the cytoplasm. 

7. Identify the functions of the following cell structures:

   1. Nucleus - to house the DNA

   2. Ribosomes - makes proteins

   3. Vacuole - long term storage of materials the cell needs

   4. Cytoskeleton - gives the cell its shape, keeps the organelles in the right spot

   5. Chloroplast - the site of photosynthesis

   6. Cell (plasma) membrane - regulates what enters and exits the cell

   7. Lysosome - recycles macromolecules and organelles

   8. Cytoplasm - supports the organelles and contains building blocks of macromolecules

   9. Centrioles - aid in separating chromosomes in cell division

   10. Endoplasmic reticulum - the protein highway, exports proteins, the Rough ER makes and modifies proteins, 

the Smooth ER detoxifies poisons, stores calcium

11. Golgi body (apparatus) - the packaging and sorting of proteins

12. Mitochondria - the site of cell respiration, where ATP is produced. 

8. Identify structures only found in animal cells

Animal cells each have a centrosome and lysosomes.

9. Identify structures only found in plant cells

The organelles found only in plant cells include chloroplast, cell wall, and a vacuole.

10. Identify the organization of a multicellular organism. (simple to complex; think of a human)

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, and organism.

11. Is the cell membrane impermeable, permeable, or selectively permeable?

Selectively Permeable

12. Energy is used during active transport.

13. Define:

    1. Equilibrium - condition in which reactants and products of a chemical reaction are formed at the same rate. 

    2. Diffusion - movement of dissolved molecules in a fluid or gas from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. 

    3. Osmosis - diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher water concentration to an area of lower water concentration. 

14. Describe the results of a cell in a hypotonic, in a hypertonic, and in an isotonic solution.

If a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water will leave the cell, and the cell will shrink. In an isotonic environment, there is no net water movement, so there is no change in the size of the cell. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic environment, water will enter the cell, and the cell will swell.

15. What is facilitated diffusion? 

Diffusion of molecules assisted by protein channels that pierce a cell membrane.

16. What is the difference between endocytosis and exocytosis?

Endocytosis involves cells taking in substances from outside the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle derived from the cell membrane. Exocytosis is where cells shift materials, such as waste products, from inside the cell to the extracellular space.

17. Explain the difference between phagocytosis and pinocytosis.

Phagocytosis is the process by which a cell engulfs and internalizes a large particle, such as a bacterium, by extending its membrane around it. Pinocytosis is similar, but instead the cell engulfs droplets of extracellular fluid, taking in any dissolved substances within.

1. What is photosynthesis?

A process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy; produces sugar and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water. 

2. What is the green pigment found in plants?

Chlorophyll

3. Give the equation for photosynthesis.

6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2

4. What types of organisms carry out photosynthesis?

Plants, algae, and cyanobacteria, known as photoautotrophs. 

5. What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?

Light-dependent reactions, which take place in the thylakoids, and light-independent reactions (also known as the Calvin cycle), which take place in the stroma.

1. What is cellular respiration? 

A process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present. 

2. Give the equation for cellular respiration.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

3. What types of organisms carry out cellular respiration?

Plants, animals, fungi, protists, and even many bacteria carry out cellular respiration.

4. What is the by-product (waste product) given off in cellular respiration?

Carbon dioxide and water.

5. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration occurs with oxygen and releases more energy but more slowly. Anaerobic respiration occurs without oxygen and releases less energy but more quickly.

6. What are the two types of fermentation? What is the end product for each type?

There are two types of fermentation, alcoholic and lactic acid. Alcoholic fermentation produces ethanol, carbon dioxide, and NAD+. Lactic acid fermentation produces lactic acid (lactate) and NAD+.

7. What is the energy molecule used by cells?

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

8. How is energy released?

Energy is released into the environment in the form of heat and light.

(be able to identify the phases of mitosis/meiosis)

1. Define:

   1. Haploid - cell that has only one copy of each chromosome. 

   2. Diploid - cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one from an egg and one from a sperm. 

2. What happens during each part of interphase?

In the G1 phase, the cell grows and takes in nutrients. In the S phase, the cell's DNA is replicated. Each replicated chromosome consists of two sister chromatids connected at the centromere. The G2 phase is another growth phase, after which the cell is ready for mitosis.

3. How many daughter cells are produced at the end of mitosis? What types of cells are produced?

Two Diploid Daughter Cells

4. Draw the phases of mitosis. 

What happens in each phase?

Prophase: Chromatin into chromosomes, the nuclear envelope breaks down, chromosomes attach to spindle fibers by their centromeres. Metaphase: Chromosomes line up along the metaphase plate (center of the cell). Anaphase: Sister chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell.

5. Be able to identify diagrams of mitosis.

6. How many divisions occur in meiosis?

Two divisions

7. What process does NOT occur between meiosis I and meiosis II divisions?

Interphase does NOT occur

8. How many daughter cells are produced at the end of meiosis?

Four daughter cells

9. What types of cells are produced?

Four Haploid cells

10. What is a gamete? 

A sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell. 

11. What type of gamete is found in males?

Sperm

12.  What type of gamete is found in females?

Egg

13.  Are gametes haploid or diploid?

Diploid

14.  Define:

    1. Fertilization - fusion of an egg and sperm cell. 

    2. Zygote - cell that forms when a male gamete fertilizes a female gamete.

    3. Cancer - common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division. 

1. Which chromosome pair determines the sex of an individual?

The 23 Pair

2. Identify the sex chromosomes found in a female and male.

X & Y

3. Who was Gregor Mendel? What did he use to conduct his experiments?

Gregor Mendel was an Austrian scientist, teacher, and Augustinian prelate who lived in the 1800s. He experimented on garden pea hybrids while living at a monastery and is known as the father of modern genetics

4. Identify Mendel’s principles for heredity. 

Each parent donates one allele - law of segregation, the inheritance of one allele has no influence on the inheritance of a different allele - law of independent assortment. 

5. Which principle describes the separation of homologous chromosomes during meiosis?

Mendel's law of segregation 

6. Define:

   1. Heredity -  The study of how inheritable traits are passed from parent to offspring. 

   2. Allele - any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome. 

   3. Genetics - study of the heredity patterns and variation of organisms. 

   4. Genotype - collection of all of an organism’s genetic information that codes for traits. 

   5. Phenotype - collection of all of an organism’s physical characteristics. 

   6. Homozygous - characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids

   7. Heterozygous - characteristic of having two different alleles that appear at the same locus of sister chromatids.

   8. Incomplete Dominance -  heterozygous phenotype that is a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes. 

   9. Codominance -  heterozygous genotype that equally expresses the traits from both alleles. 

   10. Test Cross - cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype 

   11. Multiple Allele Trait -   More than two alleles govern the trait; ex: blood type

   12. Sex-linked Trait -  A trait that’s inherited on a sex chromosome; usually the X-chromosome. 

   13.  Polygenic Trait - trait that is produced by two or more genes.

7. Be able to complete many different monohybrid crosses using Punnett squares.

8. Why is a Punnett square used?

To predict the variations and probabilities that can come from cross breeding

9. What is a mutation?

A mutation is a change in a DNA sequence

10. What factors may cause a mutation? 

Errors in DNA replication or from the damaging effects of mutagens, such as chemicals and radiation; environment.  

1. What are the two types of nucleic acids?

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA)

2. Where is DNA found in the cell?

The Nucleus

3. The shape of a DNA molecule is described as a double helix.

4. A DNA molecule is made up of two strands that are held together at the bases by hydrogen bonds.

5. What is the monomer (building block) that makes up DNA and RNA?

Nucleotide

6. What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and phosphate.

7. What are the base pairing rules for DNA?

Adenine always pairs with thymine (A-T), and guanine always pairs with cytosine (G-C). RNA is the same, except that adenine always pairs with uracil (A-U).

8. Where is RNA found in the cell?

The nucleus and the cytoplasm

9. In RNA the nitrogen base thymine is replaced by uracil.

10. Messenger RNA carries the DNA message from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis.

11. Transfer RNA transfers amino acids from the cytoplasm to the ribosome during translation. 

12. What is a codon?

A codon is a sequence of three DNA or RNA nucleotides that corresponds with a specific amino acid or stop signal during protein synthesis

1. Define Evolution - change in a species over time; process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. 

4. Describe Charles Darwin’s theory on natural selection.

That offspring that inherit traits that help them survive will produce more offspring with those traits; the better fit you are to your environment, the more likely you are to thrive and produce more offspring. 

5. Name Darwin’s ship.

7. What was missing from the atmosphere over 3 billion years ago?

Oxygen

8. What evidence can be used to explain the Theory of Evolution?

Homologous structure; EX; the bone structure in our arm compared to a bat wing, compared to a dolphin flipper. 

9. What is the difference between vestigial, Homologous, and analogous structures?

Vestigial Structure - leftover organ and not used

Homologous Structure - same structure but used for different functions, proves related ancestry

Analogous Structure - also known as convergent evolution, where the function of a wing in a bird, bat, and insect are different but provide the same functions. 

1. Define:

   1. Ecology - study of the interactions among living things and their surroundings

   2. Ecosystem -  collection of organisms and nonliving things, such as climate, soil, water, and rocks, in an area. 

   3. Population - all of the individuals of a species that live in the same area. 

   4. Abiotic Factor - nonliving factor in an ecosystem, such as moisture, temperature, wind, sunlight, soil, and minerals. 

   5. Biotic Factor - living things, such as plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria. 

   6. Niche -  The organisms' role in the ecosystem.

   7. Autotroph - organism that obtains its energy from abiotic sources, such as sunlight or inorganic chemicals. 

   8. Heterotroph - organism that obtains its energy and nutrients by consuming other organisms. 

   9. Herbivore - organism that eats only plants. 

   10. Carnivore -  organism that obtains energy by eating only animals. 

   11. Omnivore - organism that eats both plants and animals.

   12. Decomposer - detritivore that breaks down organic matter into simpler compounds, returning nutrients back into an ecosystem. 

2. What is symbiosis? Discuss the three types of symbiotic relationships. 

Symbiosis is a close relationship between two species in which at least one species benefits. For the other species, the relationship may be positive, negative, or neutral. There are three basic types of symbiosis: mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism.

3. How are parasites different from predators?

Parasites feed on living tissues, whereas the predator kills its prey before or in the process of consuming it. 

4. What is a food chain? 

A linear sequence that links species by their feeding relationships.

5. What is always found at the first trophic level of a typical food chain?

The Producers

6. In an ecosystem, there are typically more producers than herbivores. Why is this statement true?

Ecosystems have more producers since there is an adequate amount of food for herbivores at a lower trophic level on the food chain. Without the producers, the population of consumers would go down.

7. Why are decomposers important to our environment? 

They break apart dead organisms into simpler inorganic materials, making nutrients available to primary producers

8. What is a food web?

A model that shows the complex network of feeding relationships and the flow of energy within and sometimes beyond an ecosystem. 

1. Which growth model represents the human population?

Exponential growth

4. Define carrying capacity - 

number of individuals that the resources of an environment can normally and persistently support. 

5. What is a limiting factor? Give an example. 

Something that limits a population's growth; food or lack of water. 

7. Discuss how the following factors affect a population: emigration (moving out of an area), immigration, mortality (death rate), and fertility rate (birth rate). 

Births and immigration contribute to population increase, while deaths and emigration decrease population.

1. What biomes do we live in?

Broad-leaf forest

2. Which biome receives less than 10 inches of rainfall each year?

Desert

3. What two factors are used to identify land biomes?

Temperature & precipitation