CH. 5 - Choice Theories in Crime Causation

A set of flashcards summarizing key concepts from the lecture on choice theories in crime causation, covering historical perspectives, classical and modern theories, and crime prevention strategies.

What era is referred to when discussing pre-18th century views on crime?

The demonic era, characterized by ideas of good vs evil and divine punishment.

What were common accusations in the medieval period related to crime?

Witchcraft accusations, often with no evidence, leading to harsh punishments.

What key concept defines how criminals view their actions according to classical theory?

Criminals are rational and can be deterred by fear of punishment.

Who are the main philosophers associated with classical criminology?

Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham.

What does utilitarianism refer to in the context of classical theory?

The belief that laws should aim for the greatest good for the greatest number.

What principle establishes the notion that society sacrifices some liberty for protection?

Social contract.

In classical criminology, how should laws be established?

Laws should be transparent, written, and not dictate personal morality.

What are the five principles of classical theory?

Rationality, hedonism, punishment, human rights, due process.

What is the stated objective of punishment in classical theory?

To deter future crime and maintain social order.

What does the term 'panopticon' refer to in criminology?

A circular prison design for observation of inmates to control behavior.

What was the central promise of classical theory in crime control?

To control crime through manipulation of law enforcement and punishment.

What significant document emphasized human rights in the context of punishment?

The Declaration of the Rights of Man.

Which school of thought emerged as a response to classical theory?

Neo-classical school.

What economic idea is emphasized in modern choice theory?

Punishment should be economical and only applied when necessary.

What is a modern perspective on criminals seeking excitement and thrills?

They often have low stakes in conformity and are risk-takers.

In rational choice theory, what leads individuals to commit crime?

When the benefits outweigh the costs of disobeying the law.

What does 'offender specific' mean in the context of crime?

Offenders select specific crimes based on personal skills and opportunities.

What factors are evaluated by criminals when choosing their targets?

Potential gains and the risk of being caught.

How is crime described in the context of opportunity and personal trait?

Crime is an event arising from personal traits and situational opportunities.

According to routine activities theory, what three elements must converge for a crime to occur?

Motivated offender, suitable target, lack of capable guardians.

What does general deterrence refer to?

The idea that fear of punishment prevents law violations in society.

What are the three key variables involved in deterrence?

Certainty, severity, and celerity of punishment.

What is the goal of incapacitation as a strategy in crime prevention?

To keep known criminals out of circulation.

What is 'selective incapacitation'?

Enhanced prison sentences for chronic offenders to reduce future crimes.

What is a potential problem with punitive measures in criminal justice?

Punishment may increase the likelihood of re-offending due to stigmatization.

What psychological effects can social withdrawal from punishment lead to?

Decreased chance of reintegration into society after release.

What does Katz’s concept of 'seductions of crime' refer to?

Factors that entice individuals to commit crimes for thrill, prestige, or emotional payoff.

What are some strategies for situational crime prevention?

Target hardening, surveillance, community watch programs.

What is 'defensible space' in crime prevention?

Modifying the environment to reduce crime opportunities.

What unintended consequence can arise from situational crime prevention tactics?

Displacement of crime to less-protected areas or other types of crime.

What influences why some crimes are committed at particular times?

Temporal displacement - criminals may choose less risky times for crime.

How can monitoring techniques increase crime prevention effectiveness?

By increasing the perceived risks of apprehension for potential offenders.

In crime theory, what does 'inducing guilt or shame' refer to?

Creating social stigma to deter individuals from committing crimes.

What conclusion can be drawn about crime’s economic vs. personal costs?

Criminals often overestimate the benefits of crime but underestimate its costs.

According to modern theories, how does social change affect crime rates?

Changes in lifestyle and economic conditions influence both crime and victimization rates.