Hug dih :drool:

Culture

the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a group

Cultural traits

individual aspects of culture food, clothing, and language

Cultural complex

a collection of related cultural traits

Culture hearth

location where cultural traits originate before diffusion

Globalization

has accelerated cultural exchange and transformation – people/businesses start operating on an international scale BUT it threatens local traditions

Traditional culture

customs and practices passed down through generations. Along with traditional culture, folk and indigenous culture have merged to pass down beliefs, making them resistant to rapid change in their attitude

Pop culture

widely shared practices and preferences, often commercially driven. These typically begin in urban areas and diffuse quickly through globalization processes, such as media and the internet

Global culture

cultural elements found worldwide because of globalization

Mentifacts

mental and spiritual aspects of cultural beliefs and values, usually symbolic! They are also often tied to a prominent region in the area and its customs

Cultural elements

can be taboos (which are prohibited behaviors) or celebrated practices

Sociofacts

social institutions that organize cultural behaviors

Cultural diffusion

the process by which cultural elements spread from one society to another

Expansion diffusion

spreads through normal activities and interactions

Relocation diffusion

spreads through the movement of people carrying cultural traits

Hierarchical diffusion

spreads through ordered sequences – urban to rural usually, usually top

to bottom

Contagious diffusion

spreads outwards from source regardless of hierarchy

Material culture

artifacts often diffuse faster than non-material culture

Causes of cultural diffusion may be –

Imperialism

the policy of extending a country’s power via direct conquest, economic

control, or cultural dominance

Colonialism

the practice of acquiring political control over another territory and occupying it with settlers

Trade routes

Silk Road, Indian Ocean trade, Transatlantic trade

Migration patterns

voluntary and forced movement of peoples

Religious missions

spread of belief systems via organized missionary work

Military conquests

WW2, Spanish-American war

Cultural landscape

the visible imprint of human activity on the environment, which reveals the relationship between humans and their environment. They will tell stories about the values and beliefs of inhabitants, economic activity and priorities, social organization and power structurals, and historical development and change.

Built environment

human-created structures and modifications

Traditional architecture

building styles reflecting local cultural values

Contemporary architecture

modern building styles

Postmodern architecture

combines historical elements with new designs

Placelessness

the loss of unique cultural characteristics in landscapes

Artifacts

things that provide evidence of cultural values within a cultural landscape

Sequent occupance

successive societies leave imprints on a landscape

Neolocalism

deliberate revival of local cultural traits in landscapes

Sacred places

locations with religious or spiritual significance

Cultural regions

areas defined by shared cultural traits. This shapes and is shaped by place and landscape!

Cultural realms

larger regions with broadly similar cultural characteristics

Ethnicity

identity based on common ancestry, language, religion, etc.

Ethnic enclaves

areas where ethnic groups maintain distinct cultural traits

Charter groups

original settlers who established dominant cultural patterns

Ethnic islands

isolated communities maintaining distinct cultural identities

Diaspora

dispersal of ethnic groups from original homeland

Cultural patterns

the spatial arrangements of cultural features. These emerge from historical migration, environmental constraints, economic systems, and political boundaries and can reinforce nationality. They may also reveal cultural dominance or marginalization

Centripetal forces

factors that UNIFY

Centrifugal forces

factors that DIVIDE

Language patterns

these distribute in patterns reflecting history, politics, and geography.

Spread from culture hearths

Can be centripetal OR centrifugal

Cultural relativism

rejects the idea of primitive languages and instead focuses on preservation

of all languages

Native speakers

was raised with the language

Language tree

classification showing relationships between languages

Indo-European language family

the largest family including Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages

Romance languages

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, Romanian derived from Latin

Isoglosses

boundaries that separative linguistic features

Dialects

a particular form of language linked to a certain group

Adages

old sayings that stem from culture

Toponyms

place names that reveal historical cultural influences

Lingua franca

common language used among speakers of different native languages

English is used often for countries around the world, and Arabic is found in North Africa

Slang

informal language within cultural groups

Pidgin language

simplified language that develops for communication between groups

Creole language

stable natural language developed from a mix of different languages

Religious patterns

include sacred spaces, cemeteries, and publicly religious symbols. These influence governance and reflect historical migration patterns.

Shari’a

Islamic religious law

Blue laws

Christian restrictions

Fundamentalism

Strict adherence to religious doctrines

Ethnic patterns

are visible in segregation/integration – often reveal power dynamics and inequalities

Gender patterns

also reflected in a bunch of places

Ethnocentrism

judging others by one’s own standards

Cultural relativism

understanding cultures on their own terms

Cultural appropriation

adoption of elements from another culture, typically more dominant people or society

Acculturation

cultural exchange via contact

Assimilation

adoption of the dominant culture’s traits

Democracies

will often struggle with balancing cultural diversity

Technology

also enables cultural homogenization.. but also preservation

Tech and communication, modern migration, and tourism

important for cultural diffusion.. u can do the work urself to explain that lol

Time-space convergence

shrinking of relative distances due to improved transportation and communications

Ethnic religions vs Universal religions

self explanatory!

Acculturation

the minority or less powerful group adapts to the dominant culture while usually maintaining some of their original cultural values and traditions. It is a two-way exchange, but often one-sided in terms of power.

Syncretism

the blending of different, often contradictory, beliefs, practices, and cultural elements to form a new, unique system. It occurs when two or more distinct traditions fuse together, resulting in a new cultural trait that differs from either original culture.