EQ3) Development + environmental challenges of globalisation

What is development?

What is the development gap?

• Economic change, which improves people’s standard of living.

• Social and economic disparity between wealthy and poor.

-Economic indicators:

Income per capita?

GDP?

Economic sector balance?

• Taking a source of income from a country and dividing it by the population size.

  Gives a figure for each country, easy to compare

  Misleadingly high ‘typical’ figure

• Value added by any foreign-owned businesses

  Size of the economy and how its performing

  Some data may become unreliable= exchange rates

• Composite measure, each country devises a new formula that estimates contribution of different economic sectors

-Social indicators:

HDI?

Gender inequality index?

Happiness index?

• Composite measure, ranks countries based on income, life expectancy and education

  Broad measure than GDP

  Doesn’t take account of quality of life factors

• Composite, reproductive health, empowerment and labour market

• Composite, based on survey results

  Helps to promote social change

  Doesn’t account for income distribution

-Environmental indicators:

Air pollution index?

• Based on averages of pollutant measures in an hour

  Gives vital information

  Failed to record levels in half of the 28 locations

What does Gini coefficient show?

Problems using the Gini coefficient?

• Shows income disparity, high gini shows unequal distribution, low gini shows equal distribution

• Demographics can lead to natural income inequalities, with large retired populations pushing gini higher.

  Very different income distributions can result in identical gini coefficients.

Tensions about migration/multiculturalism?

• Globalisation has increased the flow of economic migrants. This has led to widespread hostility and resentment, especially from unskilled workers.

• Tension caused by a strain on services (NHS, house prices)

• Growth of far right parties eg) EDL> Syrian Refugee crisis has caused further tensions

Tensions about cultural erosion?

• Social tensions> loss of traditional way of use, conflicts between cultural values over dress code, speech, diet.

• Political tensions> democratic values vs autocratic cultures (protests and riots in Middle East= Arab spring), anti-americanisation movements and terrorism (ISIS). Nationalism or isolationism due to fear of other cultures eroding identity.

Tensions about the environment?

• Tensions of the flow of water and of pollutants

• Transboundary water conflict> Mekong river, South East Asia= river agreement required governments of Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Vietnam to all agree to any proposals for new dams.

• China> damming the river to generate hydroelectric power would encourage economic development

• Vietnam> reduce river flow

• Cambodia> displace villages from fertile land

-How globalisation can be controlled:

Censorship?

Limit migration?

Trade protectionism?

• Great firewall of china> restricts media for public consumption, 60 internet regulations, 2 million people monitoring

• Growth of right wing, Trump and Brexit

  Mexican wall plans> 40 ft tall for 1,900 miles, $28 billion

• Trump-onomics> a move to try and stop TNCs relocating and outsourcing from USA to Asia and Mexico. Trump claims he will put 35% tariffs on cars from any TNC that relocates from USA.

Cultural protection?

• French language-L’exception culturelle- allows countries to restrict imports of foreign films and media to prevent cultural erosion.

• Canada’s First Nations> aboriginals who had their land taken from them, now are being given rights and being compensated. Given them power to protect their land and culture.

• Residents of Sahtu region> petroleum development near them caused death of fish, polluted lakes.

-Local sourcing:

3 legged sustainability stool?

Insecurities, symptoms and responses?

• Economic leg> good jobs, fair wages, security

  Environmental leg> 0 pollution and waste, renewable energy

  Social leg> working conditions, health services

• Food> middle class diets contain high consumption of meat and dairy which has a large ecological footprint, shopping local will reduce

  Water> chocolate, coffee, wine have high water footprints, drip irrigate will manage it

  Energy> increased use of fossil fuels increases carbon footprint, renewable energy will reduce it

  Climate> harmful global temp rise in excess of 2 degrees, carbon capture storage and afforestation to reduce

Positives of local sourcing?

Negatives of local sourcing?

• Reduces air pollution due to less transportation, shorter supply chains means lower costs and better delivery times.

• Less efficient, not much competition means higher prices

-Transition towns:

What are they?

Positives?

Limitations?

• Community projects that try to promote sustainability

• Cheaper, lower energy, more local businesses, creates community, reduces fossil fuels

• A lot of responsibilities and management

Benefits of Bristol pound?

Costs of Bristol pound?

• Reduces transportation, reduces demand for TNC goods exploiting workers and environment, promotes self-sufficiency.

• Higher prices

-Fair trade:

Principles?

How it protects the environment?

Concerns of globalisation in Bangladesh?

• Fair payment, good working conditions, no child labour

• Improves soil and water quality, manage pests, reforestation, wildlife conservation, avoiding waste, fair-trade carbon credits

• Growing cotton uses 13,000 litres of water, 3.5 million textile workers earn £25 a month, fertilisers leak into rivers, dyes and chemicals poison rivers.

-Recycling:

How it helps?

Local NGOS?

• Reduces rate at which new natural/resources are used

• Keep Britain tidy> in 1969, introduced ‘tidy man’ logo on bins and packaging to encourage people to dispose of litter appropriately.