Openstax Biology 2e Chapter 1

inductive reasoning

A person notices that her houseplants that are regularly exposed to music seem to grow more quickly than those in rooms with no music. As a result, she determines that plants grow better when exposed to music. This example most closely resembles which type of reasoning?

abstract

opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions

applied science

form of science that aims to solve real-world problems

atom

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter

basic science

science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

biochemistry

study of the chemistry of biological organisms

biology

the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments

biosphere

collection of all the ecosystems on Earth

botany

study of plants

cell

smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things

community

set of populations inhabiting a particular area

conclusion

section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings

control

part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment

deductive reasoning

form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results

descriptive science (also, discovery science)

form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate

discussion

section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question

ecosystem

all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment

eukaryote

organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

evolution

the process of gradual change in a population or species over time

falsifiable

able to be disproven by experimental results

homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

hypothesis

suggested explanation for an observation, which one can test

hypothesis-based science

form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers

inductive reasoning

form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion

introduction

opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper

life science

field of science, such as biology, that studies living things

macromolecule

large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules

materials and methods

section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques that the researchers used to gather data

microbiology

study of the structure and function of microorganisms

molecular biology

study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins

molecule

chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

natural science

field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes

neurobiology

study of the biology of the nervous system

organ

collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function

organ system

level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs

organelle

small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions

organism

individual living entity

paleontology

study of life's history by means of fossils

peer-reviewed manuscript

scientific paper that a scientist's colleagues review who are experts in the field of study

phylogenetic tree

diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections

physical science

field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter

plagiarism

using other people's work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author's original ideas

population

all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area

prokaryote

single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

results

section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation

review article

paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature

science

knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

scientific method

method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis

serendipity

fortunate accident or a lucky surprise

theory

tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

tissue

group of similar cells carrying out related functions

variable

part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change

zoology

study of animals

B

Which of the following statements is false?

A. Tissues exist within organs which exist within organ systems.

B. Communities exist within populations which exist within ecosystems.

C. Organelles exist within cells which exist within tissues.

D. Communities exist within ecosystems which exist in the biosphere.

1 inductive; 2: deductive; 3: deductive; 4: inductive.

Decide if each of the following is an example of inductive or deductive reasoning.

1. All flying birds and insects have wings. Birds and insects flap their wings as they move through the air. Therefore, wings enable flight.

2. Insects generally survive mild winters better than harsh ones. Therefore, insect pests will become more problematic if global temperatures increase.

3. Chromosomes, the carriers of DNA, separate into daughter cells during cell division. Therefore, each daughter cell will have the same chromosome set as the mother cell.

4. Animals as diverse as humans, insects, and wolves all exhibit social behavior. Therefore, social behavior must have an evolutionary advantage.: inductive; 2: deductive; 3: deductive; 4: inductive.

microorganism

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Hypothesis

A suggested and testable explanation for an event is called a ________.

computer science

Which of the following sciences is not considered a natural science?

inductive reasoning

The type of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion is called ________.

peer review

The process of ________ helps to ensure that a scientist's research is original, significant, logical, and thorough.

The smallest unit of biological structure that meets the functional requirements of "living" is the ________.

cell

Viruses are not considered living because they ________.

are not made of cells

The presence of a membrane-enclosed nucleus is a characteristic of ________.

eukaryotic cells

.

A group of individuals of the same species living in the same area is called a(n) ________.

population

Which of the following sequences represents the hierarchy of biological organization from the most inclusive to the least complex level?

biosphere, ecosystem, community, population, organism

Where in a phylogenetic tree would you expect to find the organism that had evolved most recently?

at the branch tips