test 3

circulation

one way movement of blood throughout a closed bodily system

three layers of the heart

epicardium, endocardium, myocardium

what is the outer layer of the heart

epicardium

what is the middle layer of the heart

myocardium

pericardium

the membranous sac enclosing the heart

septum

separates right and left heart

interatrial septum

located between the left and right atria in the upper part

interventricular septum

 a muscular wall that divides the heart's lower chambers into left and right halves

what are the four chambers of the heart

left and right atrium, left and right ventricle

right atrium

receives unoxygenated venous blood returning from body via veins

right ventricle

pumps unoxygenated venous blood to the lungs

left atrium

receives blood high in oxygen content as it returns from the lungs

left ventricle

has the thickest wall, pumps oxygenated blood to all parts of the body

valves

blood flow between the chambers is regulated by a system of one way valves

tricuspid valve

closes when right ventricle pumps to prevent backflow into the right atrium

pulmonary semilunar valve

located between right ventricle and pulmonary artery, when right ventricle haws emptied this valve closes to prevent backflow into the right ventricle

mitral valve

prevents blood from returning to the (bicuspid valve) left atrium

aortic semilunar valve

located between the left ventricle and the aorta. prevents return of aortic blood into left ventricle

numerical order of how blood goes through the heart

1\.superior/ inferior vena cava, 2.right atrium, 3.tricuspid valve, 4.right ventricle, 5. pulmonary valve, 6.pulmonary arteries, 7.lungs, 8.pulmonary veins, 9.left atrium, 10.mitral valve, 11.left ventricle, 12.aortic valve, 13.aorta

pulmonary circuit

transports blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to get oxygen then returns blood to the left atrium

systemic circuit

transports blood from the heat to the rest of the body (excluding lungs)

systole

active contraction phase

diastole

resting period

true or false: an electric impulse is needed to initiate rhythmical heart contractions

true

terms related to the conduction system

sinoatrial node (SA node), atrioventricular node (AV node), bundle of his, purkinje fibers

sinoatrial node (SA node)

the pacemaker of the heart

atrioventricular node (AV node)

electrically connects the heart's atria and ventricles to coordinate beating in the top of the heart

bundle of his

receives the electrical signal from the atrioventricular node (AV node) and carries it to the Purkinje fibers

purkinje fibers

activate the left and right ventricles by directly stimulating the ventricular myocardium

endocarditis

inflammation of the heart lining

myocarditis

inflammation of the heart muscle

pericarditis

inflammation of the the heart surface

cardiomyopathy

disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for the heart to pump blood to the rest of the body

ventricular septal defects (VSD)

a hole in the interventricular septum

atrial septal defects (ASD)

opening between the right and left atria

coarctation of the aorta

a narrow fibrous constriction in the descending thoracic aorta, an extracardiac abnormality

causes of heart disease

measles, drugs, hereditary, unknown

discussion of coronary heart disease

includes myocardial blood supply, right and left coronary arteries, circumflex coronary artery, left anterior descending artery

degenerative heart disease

due to deterioration of tissue such as valves and muscle

occlusion

tx, vasodilators, nitro, OHS- blockage

angina pectoris

symptom of the heart disease, tx nitroglycerine

atherosclerosis (plaques)

buildup of plaque in arteries

angina

chest pain

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

coronary thrombosis lioooo

stationary clot

emboli

traveling clot

myocardial infarction

heart vessel not getting enough blood and eventually dies off

murmurs

abnormal sound indicated incompetent valves

auscultation

listening with stethoscope

valvular insufficiency

cusps short leakage

valvular stenosis

cusps adhere together

signs of heart attack

chest pain, sweating, shortness of breath, crushing pain, pale limbs, pain radiates to limbs, jaw, back

function of blood

blood is the chief means for transporting vital elements within the body, thus important for various body functions

respiration (blood)

blood carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carries carbon dioxide and waste from tissues to the lungs

nutrition (blood)

blood carries food substances from intestines to tissues

excretion (blood)

blood carries waste products from cells to organs of excretion

protection (blood)

blood carries defensive cells and antibodies to combat disease and infection

regulation (blood)

blood carries hormones and other chemical substances that regulate the function of body temperature, water balance and a constant environment for cells

plasma

the liquid element and transports soil parts and nutrients

what are types of formed elements

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

erythrocytes (red blood cells)

carries oxygen and gives blood its characteristic color

leukocytes (white blood cells)

serves as a defense mechanism of the body

platelets (thrombocytes)

brings about the process of clotting

blood volume in the average adult is…

12 pints

anemias

a general condition in which the blood is lacking either in its normal number of RBS’s or in its overall quality

blood loss anemias

anemia due to either acute or chromic blood loss

hemolytic anemias

involves the destruction of RBC’s within the vascular system

sickle cell anemia

inherited disorder

leukemia

in this disease there is a tremendous increase in WBC’s normal is 5,000-10,000 cells/ cu mm. in this disorder 30,000-50,000 cells may be present

hemorrhagic disorder

include a group of disorders characterized by an abnormal bleeding tendency. these are caused by a breakdown in the clotting mechanism

hemophilia

blood fails to clot

types of blood vessels

arteries, veins, capillaries, arterioles, venules

arteries

carry blood away from the heart

veins

carry blood back towards the heart

capillaries

connect arterioles and venules, transport blood, nutrients and oxygen to cells in your organs and body systems

arterioles

small arteries

venules

small veins

vasoconstriction

narrowing of blood vessels

vasodilation

increases blood flow to a particular area

major arteries

carotid, aorta, brachial, radial, femoral

carotid artery

brings blood to head and neck

aorta

largest artery in the body

brachial artery

arteries in the arm

radial arteries

one of the two continuations of the brachial artery

femoral artery

main arteries going into the legs

major veins

jugular, superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, femoral, saphenous

jugular

of the neck or throat

superior vena cava vein

responsible for returning deoxygenated blood collected from the body to the right atrium

inferior vena cava vein

transporting deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and abdomen back to the right atrium of the heart

femoral vein

brings blood back up from the legs

saphenous

medial side of foot to legs, drains blood out of the leg and back to the heart

phlebo

pertaining to a vein

pulse

is the alternate contradiction and dilation of the arteries due to the pumping of the blood to the heart

pulse is affected by

physical conditioning, emotional stress, fatigue, disease

areas used for taking pulse

temporal, carotid, apical (apex of the heart), radial, femoral, popliteal, pedal

average normal pulse rates per one minute for adult women

72-80

average normal pulse rate per minute for adult men

62-72

average normal heart rate per minute for children

100-140

tachycardia

rapid heart rate >100 B.P.M

bradycardia

slow heart rate