Clinical Connection Boxes Unit 3

Facial Nerve (CN VII) Paralysis

Unilateral paralysis of facial expression. Issue with tears and salvia. Also called Bells Palsy

Idiopathic

Do not know the cause

Ventilator

device to help the patient breath

Iron lung

Chamber in which air pressure surrounds the patient and was decreased to facilitate inhalation and increased to facilitate exhalation

Which nerve innervates the diaphragm

Phrenic nerve

Winged Scapula

Caused by paralysis of the serratus anterior and leaves the posterior thoracic muscle unopposed

Which nerve innervates the Serratus anterior

Long thoracic nerve

Lumbar Puncture

also called a spinal tap, a needle is inserted into the vertebral canal for anesthesia and collecting CSF

Landmarks associated with a spinal tap

Iliac crest, Iliac tubercle, and posterior inferior iliac spine

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

a genetic autoimmune disease of the CNS. Where there is progressive degeneration of the nerves and destruction of the oligodendrocytes

Guillen-Barre syndrome (GBS)

PNS disorder where inflammation causes loss of myelin from the peripheral nerves and spinal cord roots

Amytophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

Affects nerves in the brain and spinal cord leading to progressive degeneration of the somatic motor system

Other names for ALS

Lou Gehrig Disease and Charcot disease

Examples of Neural Tube defects

Anencephaly and spina bifida

Anencephaly

Substantial or complete absence of a brain and/or the skull bones

Spina Bifida

Caused when the caudal portion of the neural tube fails to close

Spina Bifida Cystica

Most sever form of spina bifida where almost no vertebral arch forms, posterior aspect of the spinal cord is left unprotected. Typically a large cystic structure in the back filled with CSF covered by a thin layer of skin.

Spina Bifida Occulta

More common and less serious the veritable arch typically involving the veritable lamina and the spinous process. typically asymptomatic

Folic Acid

Can decrease the risk of neural tube defects

Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges and is typically caused by a viral or bacterial infection.

Encephalitis

acute inflammation disease of the brain

Hydrocephalus

pathological condition of excess CSF, leads to brain disortion or neurological damage

Shunts

Treats Hydrocephalus by implanting theses into a ventricle of the brain

ataxia

Uncoordinated jerky movements

Effects of Alcohol and drugs on the cerebellum

Disturbance or loss of gait, loss of balance and posture, inability to detect proprioceptive information

Shingles

Reactivated of chicken pox, stored in dorsal root ganglia

Herpes Zoster

another form of chicken poxs

Sciatic

Injury to the sciatic nerve, extreme pain to the posterior thigh and leg

Foot drop

indicator of a fibular nerve injury

embolus

a blood clot that forms somewhere else and breaks free

Cerebral vasular accident (CVA/Stroke)

Caused by reduced blood supply to a part of the brain due to a blocked or damaged arterial blood vessel

Thrombus

A blood clot within the blood vessel that complete blocks the the lumen of an artery

Transient ischemic attack (TIA)

Also known as a mini stroke. results from temporary clot in cerebral blood vessel that dissolves or dissipates in a matter of minuets

Horner syndrome

Caused by impingement injury of the cervical sympathetic trunk or the T1 sympathetic trunk ganglion, This leads to ptosis, anhidrosis and dilated pupils

Ptosis

Drooping of the superior eyelid because the superior tarasl muscle is paralyzed

Anhidrosis

No sweating because the sweat galnds no longer recive sympathetic innervation

Raynaud Syndrome

Sudden constriction of small arteries of the digits. Hands turn white because of exposure to the cold

Conjunctivitis

Most common non traumatic eye complaint. inflamed and redding of the conjunctiva. Commonly known as pink eye

Trachoma

Chronic, contagious form of conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis. Common cause of neonatal blindness in third world countries.

Cataracts

small opacities with the lens that occur over time, may coalesce or completely obscure the lens

Phacoemulsification

Surgery to fix cataracts. Whereby the opacified center of the lens is fragmented by using ultrasonic sound waves.

Glaucoma

3 types, caused by increased intraocular pressure

angle closure glaucoma

happens when the eye's drainage angle narrows or blocks, trapping fluid, raising eye pressure, and damaging the optic nerve, leading to potential blindness if untreated. Accounts 1/3 of cases of glaucoma.

Open angle glaucoma

where the eye's drainage canals become clogged slowly over time, causing gradual pressure buildup that damages the optic nerve, leading to peripheral vision loss and, eventually, blindness if untreated, Accounts for 2/3 of cases of glaucoma.

Congenital glaucoma

Rare and is due to a hereditary factor or caused by intrauterine infection

Ottis Media

Infection of the middle ear, symptoms include fever, pulling or holding ear, and general irritability

Otoscope

Instrument used to view the tympanic membrane

Myringotomy

a ventilation tube is inserted into the tympanic membrane, used to treat chronic ear infections

Ottis Externa

Infection of the skin that covers the external acoustic meatus (swimmer’s ear)