ABA behavior reduction EXAM 1

Automatic positive reinforcement

Automatic positive doing an action to make tm selves feel good(masterbation)

Automatic negative

Done to escape pain/aversive internal state (stimming do escape pain

What is an example a social positive reinforcement?

Access to tangibles

What i an example of social negative reinforcement?

Allowing access escape

Setting

Client didnt sleep, client has gotten a puzzle taken from them

Latency

Time between the stimulus and the response

Inter response time

Tie between the offset and the onset of a behavior

FA/ FBA

Functional analysis, a direct acessment method used to determine the purpose of a Behavior

what are the 5 functions of behavior

escape/ demand
alone/ignore

attention

play

tangible

escape/ demand condition

place demands constantly on the client (even if they get it right, don’t stop), then when a behavior occurs, cease demands for a short while

alone/ ignore condition

(we are testing for an automatic response) have the client in a room with nothing in it and never look or interact with the client

attention condition

Ignore the client until the problem behavior occurs, then when it does happen you give attention

play condition

you let them free play with everything in a room, then momentarily check in with them (no taking the toy away)

tangible condition

let the client have free access for 2 minutes then remove the tangible, until problem behaviors occur, then we give it back. (dont say anything when giving it back)

termination criteria

a reason to stop running the program

pros in conducting FAs

the only way to accurately identify the functional relationship between behavior and what is maintaining it

it even regarded as the gold standard

cons of conducting an FA

not time effient

what year were autistic people given a way to graduate the program?

1970s

what is IDEA?

individuals with Disabilities Education Act

provided children with a disability with a free and appropriate public education through an individual education program (IEP) in teh least restrictive environment 

what do you do if you want to run a FA on high risk problem behavior 

instead of running the test on the behavior itself, run the test on the precursor behaviors 

what is an antecedent strategies

proactive techniques used to prevent problem behaviors by modifying the environment, social cues, or internal states before a behavior occurs

what are some examples of antecedent strategies

Visual Schedules

First-Then Statements

Environmental Modifications

Structured Routines

Offer Choices

Modify Tasks

Increase Preferred Activities

utilizing establishing operation

Provide Warnings and Reminders (priming)

Pre-teaching Expectations

Use Cue Cards

negative priming

Negative priming occurs when a stimulus which immediately precedes a target results in a delayed response time. For example, if the colour red preceded the word blue it could have a negative priming effect when one wished to record REACTION TIME to respond to the word blue

non contingent reinforcement

fill the need before behavior even occurs (you know problem behavior occurs 5 minutes into table? take the client to have a break 3-4 minutes in) (based more on time)

utilizing establishing operation

increase the value of a reinforcer by denying access (creating a state of deprivation)

response effort

how about instead of crying for hours for attention, you tap me on the shoulder for the same result (less effort for the same response)

the Premack principle

aka “granmas law” you gotta do a less preferred activity before doing a highly preferred one (first work then play)

what are the different ways to prime a client

repetition

associative

negative

repetition

your asked to do something repeatedly

associative

a psychological phenomenon where the presentation of a word or concept (the prime) speeds up the processing of a subsequent, related concept (the target) because they are commonly linked in memory. for example (lets go up and __ down)

contingent reinforcement

based on giving reinforcement based on the work the client does (not based in time)

interpersonal training

putting in easier targets to build the confidence to be able to answer the harder ones (not really organized; targets are mixed altogether)

high probability request sequence

starts of with several requests that’ll foresure get a response to get their momentum up and then a higher difficulty one (more organized)

differential reinforcement

a desired behavior is reinforced while an undesired behavior is ignored or not reinforced

How many types of differnal reinforcement do we have

DRO

DRA

DRI

DRH

DRL

DRD

DRO

The client is given reinforcement when the target behavior doesn’t happen at all

cons of DRO

if other problem behaviors occur in the interval but they arent the target behaviors they WILL be reinforced

how do you fade out DRO

you increase the interval that reinforcement is given for the behavior not occuring

what are the two types of DRO

full session DRO

momentary DRO

full session (whole-interval) DRO

reinforced only if the behavior doesn’t occur in the entire interval

momentary DRO

reinforced for the behavior not occurring at the end of an interval (doesnt happen that MOMENT)

DRA

differential reinforcement of alternative behavior

picking a replacement for a behavior that is functionally equivalent 

(you get the same thing has you would if you did the behavior)

DRA vs DRO

DRO is time-based where DRA is not

both are contingent reinforcement

DRo is reinforcinf the absence of behaviors while DRA is reinforcing alt behavior

DRA finds alt behavior where DRO does not

DRI

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior 

picking a behavior that is incompatible with the problem behavior (you cant use the same body part for two different things at once)

true or false: if a behavior is occurring, it is being reinforced somehow

true

what are the differential reinforcement types we use if we are trying to stop a behavior from occurring?

DRO

DRI

DRA

what are the differential reinforcement types we use if we AREN’T trying to stop a behavior from occurring?

DRH

DRL

DRD

DRH

differential reinforcement of HIGH rates of behavior 

we want HIGHER rates of this behavior occurring; so we are reinforcing a behavior to make it occur more

DRL

differential reinforcement of LOW rates of behavior

we want this behavior to occur LESS often than it does; we do this normally in a step by step approach (time focused and very concrete in the goals) (lets say the behavior occurs 30 times in session, so our next goal is to have it happen 25 times then our next is 20, etc, etc

what are teh 3 types of DRL

full session DRL

interval DRL

spaced responding DRL

what is IRT

inter response time

spaced responding DRL

increase the SPACES in between RESPONING (lets say teh client washes their hands every five minutes if they can not wash their hands for longer than that, the next time they do it theyll get reinforced)

DRD

differential reinforcement of diminishing rates of behavior

very similar to DRL

more flexible and learner-focused

based on diminishing the behavior in an hour-by-hour bases

(The behavior occurs 15 times in one hour, so the next hour our goal is 13, then if their able to reach that, then its 10, etc, etc)

what is the difference between escape behavior and avoidance behavior

escape behavior occurs after a warning stimulus when the antecedent does not happen, while avoidance behavior happens to prevent the warning stimulus

nonmaleficence

an ethical principle that emphasizes the obligation to not inflict harm intentionally 

resource limitations in preforming an FA

some practitioners lack time, staff, or resources to conduct a proper FA

descriptive assessments

observing behavior in the natural environment as an alt method to FA

wyatt v. stickney (1970)

court ruling that ppl institutionalized for intellectual disabilities have a right to treatment

what is rapport building?

the process of developing mutual trust and connection with someone (pairing)

what is the Multiple Stimulus without Replacement method?

MSWO

a pref assessment method where items are presented, and once chosen, they are not returned for the next trials

what is the purpose of the Multiple Stimulus with Replacement method 

MSW

to allow children to choose from an array of items where selected items are returned for future choices

what is a paired stimulus preference assessment

a method where two items are presented at the same time to determine a preference

whatt is a single stimulus assessment used for?

for children who cannot select between items, so we present the items one at a time

what is free operant observation?

an unstructured assessment where a child has access to various items in an open room

true or false: a preference assessment is the same as an reinforcement assessment

FALSE; preference assessment identifies preferred items, while reinforcement assessment determines which items effectively reinforce behavior