AP SIKE CHPT 14

Stanford Prison Experiment

Phillip Zimbardo

Line Study

Solomon Asch

Shock Expierment

Stanley Milgram

Conformity

What the Line Study focused on

Obedience to Authority

What the Shock Expierment focused on

Attributing behavior to the situation, not the the dispositions of the person

Situational Attribution

Accepting a new set of rules or norms

Role Internalization

when we attribute the reason for desirable outcomes to internal or personal reasons and attribute the cause of undesirable outcomes to external reasons.

Self-Serving Bias

When a group of like-minded people are given the opportunity to discuss a topic they generally agree upon, occurs if after the discussion, the average viewpoint of any given member of the group becomes more extreme.

Group Polarization

Occurs when people are too harmonious in their discussion of a topic. In other words, it's when people are too hesitant to voice what they perceive to be an opinion not shared by most of the group members.

Groupthink

when a person looses their sense of self-awareness, doesn't feel as personally responsible for their actions, and may have less concern about how others view them.

Deindividuation

Focusing on the facts and logic of the argument. Deeply processing all of the content of the message

Central Route of Persuasion

a person attempts to persuade you by emphasizing anything but the facts and logic to be made. Could be characteristics of the person giving the message

Peripheral Route of Persuasion

We're more likely to prefer things just by being exposed to them.

Mere Exposure Effect

When around a group of people, you are less likely to intervene and help in a given situation.

Bystander Effect

performance on a task improves in the presence of others.

Social Facilitation

When in a group, we tend not to work as hard. Think of the member that does not work hard in a group project.

Social Loafing

a tendency to favor members or our own group, often at the expense of those in the outgroup

Ingroup Bias

the tendency to view the world through our own cultural filters, will surely affect your reactions.

Ethnocentrism

a prediction that directly or indirectly causes itself to become true, by the very terms of the prophecy itself, due to positive feedback between belief and behavior.

Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

an unselfish regard for your own welfare for the sake of others.

Altruism

We are attracted to those whom we are constantly around.

Proximity Effect

Psychology says no. We are more likely to be attracted to those with whom we are more similar.

Do opposites attract?

Leon Festinger

Who studied Cognitive Dissonance?

Latane & Darley

Psychologists who studied the "Bystander Effect"

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information.

memory

the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning.

Encoding

the retention of encoded information over time.

Storage

the process of getting information out of memory storage.

retrieval

the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

Sensory memory

activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten.

Short-term memory

the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

Long-term memory

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory.

Working memory

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings.

Automatic processing

the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage.

Rehearsal

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

Spacing effect

our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list.

Serial position effect

the encoding of picture images.

Visual encoding

the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words.

Semantic Ending

the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words.

Acoustic sound

mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding.

Imagery

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

Chunking

a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

Iconic memory

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

Echoing memory

an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory.

Long-term potential

a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event.

Flashbulb memory

the loss of memory.

Amnesia

retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.) Unintetional memories that we may not know we have.

Implicit memory

memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) Conscious memories of facts or events we try to remember.

Explicit memory

a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage.

Hippocampus

a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test.

Recall

a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test.

Recognition

a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time.

Relearning

the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response.

Priming

that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience.

déjà vu

the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad emotion.

Mood-congruent memory

the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.

Proactive interference

the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information.

retroactive interference

in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Repression

incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.

Misinformation effetc

attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories.

Source amnesia

occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter

Serial processing

Worked on group conflict ingroup and ou group bias

Muzafer Sherif

studied repressed memories and false memories/ car crash videos

Elizabeth Lotus

Human short term memory remembers things in 7 plus or minus two.

George Miller

Tested sensory memory and how fast the human brain can recognize something in 1/20th of a second

George Sperling

Pioneered the experimental study

Hermano Ebbinghaus

Children posses the inherit ability to acquire language.

Noam Chomsky

Remember items at the end of a list

Recency Effect

Both groups need to work together to complain a shared idea.

Superordinate Goals

Refusing a large request increases the likelihood of agreeing to a second smaller request

Door-in-the-face

Agreeing to purchase something at a given price increase the likelihood of agreeing to purchase it at higher price.

Low-Ball Technique

Asking someone of a small task them accepting, then following up with a larger request.

Foot-in-the-door

When you don’t know how to act, so you look at others.

Pluralistic Ignorance

In a group you feel less responsible for your actions

Diffusion of Responsibility

Similarity Principle which is similar interest, propinquity proximity being close, reciprocity is feels same way you do. But most importantly physical appearance matters first

Factors of Interpersonal Attraction

State of minInconsistency clash, when actions are not in harmony with thoughts/values

Cognitive Dissonance

Long term memory to Short Term memory

Retrivial

Short term memory to long term memory

Encoded

Storage in our LTM based today, similar to word webs in another class.

Semantic Network Theory

Intuitively assessing probabilities

Anchoring

Decisions made based on whether or not they match our prototype

Representative

Structural processing which is when we encode only the physical qualities of something.

Shallow Processing

Which is when we encode its sound

Phonemic Processing

A type of processing which happens when we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to similar words with similar meaning.

Semantic processing

Involves elaboration, rehearsal which involves a more meaningful analysis of information and leads to better recal.

Deep processing

Combination of gestured, spoken and or written words to communicate meaning

Language

Language structure, smallest individual sound in a language. Not the same as letters

Phoemes

Smallest units of meaningful parts of language.

Morphemes

Language sets of rules that enable people to communicate

Grammar

3-4 months after birth. A stage in speech development where the infants utters sounds unlike the family language. 10 months or so recognize native language.

Language development

Around begin saying small words

One-word stage

Telegraphic speech, nouns and verbs

Two-word stage

Believe that children learn language directly, rather than experiences with there environment.

Behaviorist

Believe born with a specific language, learning are in our brain. Believe that children are wired to learn language, regardless of there environment.

Nativist

If your bilingual you can speak a certain language based on your emotion.

Linguistic Determinism

The language we use might control, and in some ways label our thinking

Linguistic Relativity Hypothesis

You never truly forget anything

Selective attention

A rule that is generally, but not always true

Heuristics