magnetism, debroccoli, herisenberg, schrodinger, quanutm numbers, orbital principles

Louis de Broglie

• ALL matter exhibits both particle AND wave-like properties.

  • Electron can be thought of as

    standing waves.

• particle size inversely related with wave-like properties

  • larger particle, smaller wave-like properties

Schrödinger

• discovered a set of equations that described the structure of orbitals. → based on debroccoli

  • equations: most probable position of an electron in an atom.

  • visualization of this is orbitals (electron cloud)

Heisenberg

• developed a set of equations that explained the behaviour of electrons.

• Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle

  • not possible to know both the position and momentum (speed and direction) of a particle

magnetism

caused by moving electric charges, making push/pull forces between objects via magnetic field

ferromagnetism

• Fe, Co, Ni (basically Fe and the 2 other elements right of Fe)

• strongest magnetism

• formed by unpaired electrons (they will be in the same direction/spin)

paramagnetism

• Al, Platinum, Sodium

• not as strong as ferro → apparently due to less unpaired electrons?

• formed by unpaired electrons

diamagentism

• Zinc, Beryllium, cadmium

• not even magnetism, weak repulsion by a magnetic field

• caused by PAIRED electrons only

• electron orbital motion is slightly changed when magnetic field is introduced

n — principle quantum number

energy shell, how far e- is from the nucleus

L — angular momentum quantum number

• spdf; types of subshells possible = n-1

• s orbital = l = 0, p orbital = l = 1

m_l — magnetic quantum number

• orientation of e- orbital around the atom

• dependent on secondary quantum number (l)

• -l to +l

m_s — spin quantum number

determines spin: -½ or +½

Aufbau Principle

electrons will always occupy the lowest energy levels possible

Hund’s Rule

One electron must occupy each orbital of the same energy before a second electron occupies an orbital

Pauli’s Exclusion Principle

No two electrons can be in the same place at the same time (they may NOT have the same set of quantum numbers)

opposite spin.