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reader response theory
focus on reader response or action to a certain text, more than the text itself.
horizon of expectations (rr)
developed by hans robert jauss, explain how readers expectation or frame of reference is based on readers past experience of literature and what preconceived notions abt lit
implied reader (rr)
wolfgang iser, implied reader is a hypothetical reader of text. the implied reader embodies all those predispositions needed for a literary work to exercise its effect (predispositions laid down by text itself). roots are placed in firm of text, he is a construct and not identified with real reader.
transactional analysis (rr)
louise rosenblatt, meaning is made in a transaction of a reader with text. as an approach the critic would think how the reader interprets the text as how the text produces a response in her.
key figures of reader response theory
stanley fish, david bleich, wolfgang iser
time period of reader response theory
1960s
emphasis on reader response
the role of reader actively constructing meaning rather than passively consuming text
psychoanalytic theory
the unconscious and human behavior. psyche: ed, id, superego and child parent conflicts structure human responses in the world. psychoanalysis is applied to the work of an author or main character that seeks unconscious or latent meaning underneath the manifest language and analyze symbols.
what period is psychoanalytic theory
early 1900s
what does psychoanalytic theory argue abt
literary texts (dreams) express underlying meanings from the authors own neuroses. assumed that all characters are projections of an authors psyche.
key figures of psychoanalytic theory
sigmund freud, jacques lacan
unconscious (psych)
irrational part of psyche unavailable to a persons conscious except thru dissociated acts or dreams
ID (psych)
completely unconscious part of psyche that stores our desires wishes and fears
ego (psych)
mostly to partially conscious part of psyche that process experiences and functions as a mediator between ID and superego
superego (psych)
āconsciousā, operates as an internal censor encouraging moral judgements in light of social pressure
new historicism
look at literature alongside other cultural products of a certain historical period to illustrate concepts, attitudes, and ideologies across a broad spectrum not exclusive to literary. acknowledge own criticism can have bias that come from historical positions. meaning of text is fluid, artistic texts are historical context and understand cultural and intellectual history
what period is new historicism
1970-1980s
key figures of new historicism
michael foucalt and stephen greenblatt
discourse (new hist)
language used in various constituencies (law medicine church) for purposes to do with power relationships between ppl
power (new hist)
michael foucalt, 3 axes of constitutive of subjectification, ethics, and truth. implies knowledge: gives one power but one has the power in certain situations to constitute body of knowledge, discourses and so on invalid or valid.
existentialism theory
views each person as an isolated being who is in an alien universe and sees the world as possessing no inherent human truth value or meaning. a persons life who moves from nothingness defines an existence that is absurd and anguished. all choices are possible in a world without sense.
atheist extentialism
soren kierkegaard theorized that belief in god required a conscious choice or leap of faith
key figures of existentialism
albert camus, franz kafka, jean paul sarte, soren kierkegaard
what period is existentialism
mid to late 19th century. peaked in mid 20th century france
absurd (ex)
describe existence, a world without inherent meaning or truth
authenticity (ex)
make choices based on individual code of ethics (commitment) rather than bc of social pressure. āits what ppl doā is inauthentic
āleap of faithā
soren kierkegaard said that religion was filled with risks and unknowable and requires act of commitment. commitment to christianity would lessen the despair of an absurd world
feminism
theory is already a reduction. aimed at defining feminist literary canon or theories seeking to re interpret and revision literature from a less patriarchal view. focus on sexual differences/politics
first wave of fem
19th and 20th century
second wave of fem
early 1960s
3rd wave of fem
early 1990s
4th wave of fem
around 2012
key figures of feminism
betty friedan, charlotte perkins gilman, simone de beauvoirs
what do women and men need to consider in feminism
how it meant to be a woman and how much society deemed inherent of female traits culturally and socially constructed. question āotheringā of women
androgyny (fem)
sex roles are not defined and are blurred combo of men and women roles that are neither fem or masc dominant. āthe man in every woman or the woman in every manā
essentialism (fem)
belief in unique fem essence existing above cultural standards. this justified the oppression of women and the natural superiority of men
patriarchy (fem)
sexism is set up by the patriarchy of male dominated structures and social arrangements establish oppression of women. exhibits androcentrism: male centered
Marxism
sociological approach to literature that viewed works of literature or art as products of historical forces which can be analyzed by looking at the material conditions in which they were formed.
marxism focus is
the clash between dominant and repressed classes in any age
marxism is what time period
mid 19th century, systemized in the 1920s
key figures of marxism
karl max, terry eagleton, friedrich engels
commodification (marx)
attitude of valuing things not for their use but for their power to impress others or for resale possibilities
dialectical materialism (marx)
history develops in neither fashion nori in a linear one but instead as struggles between contradictions that ultimately find resolutions in a synthesis of 2 sides. ex: class conflicts lead to a new social systems
new criticism
reactions to traditional criticism that new critics saw as very concerned with matters that are extraneous to the text
new criticism proposedā¦
work of literary art should be regarded as autonomous (able to govern itself) and should not be judged by reference to considerations beyond itself
new criticism time period
later 1920s and 1930skey fi
key figures of new criticism
A. richards, t s elliot, cleanth brooks
intentional fallacy (new crit)
equating the meaning of a poem with the authors intentions
affective fallacy (new crit)
confusing the meaning of a text with how it makes the reader feel, the readers emotional response is not mean it is a reliable interpretation
close reading (new crit)
detailed analysis of a text itself to arrive at an interpretation without referring to historical authorial or cultural concerns
postcolonialism
refers to the period following the decline of colonialism (the end of dominating european empires). used as a critical approach, ā a collection of theoretical/critical strategies to explore the culture of european empires and their relation to the rest of the worldā
postcolonialism time period
1960s
key figures of postcolonialism
chinua achebe, salam rushdie, jamaica kincaid
diaspora (postcolon)
refer to any people or ethnic population forced or induced to leave their traditional ethnic homelands. dispersed to parts of the world and ensure developments
eurocentrism (postcolon)
practice (conscious or etc) of placing emphasis on european (and western) concerns, culture and values at the expense of other cultures. it is relevant bc of how it aligns with current and past real power structures in the world.
imperialism (postcolon)
policy of extending control over foreign entities as a means of acquiring or controlling of empires either thru direct territorial control or indirect methods of exerting control on the politics/economy of other countries