Anatomy lab: blood vessels

What is the pathway of the closed transport system

Heart → large arteries → medium arteries → arterioles → capillary beds → venules → medium veins → large veins → heart

Where do substances diffuse across

Capillary walls

O2 and nutrients travel from ___ to ___

blood, tissues

Waste and CO2 travel from ___ to ___

tissues, blood

Tunica intima structure

Thin layer of endothelium, CT basement membrane

Tunica media structure and function

Circularly arranged smooth muscle and elastic CT. Allows for changes in lumen diameter

Tunic adventitia/externa structure and function

Areolar or fibrous CT. Protects and anchors vessels.

Arteries expand during ___ and recoils passively during ____

systole, diastoleae

Elastic arteries or “conducting vessels” traits

large, close to the heart, most expandable

Muscular arteries or “distributing vessels” traits

medium-sized, named arteries in the body

Arterioles traits

Smallest, “resistance vessels”

function of capillaries

provide for exchange of materials in tissues

capillaries traits

narrowest vessels, walls = endothelium (one cell layer)

what percentage of blood volume is in the veins?

65

Why are veins low pressure vessels

Thin walls and large lumens

What are the 3 mechanisms for venous return of blood to the right atrium?

Valves, skeletal muscle pump, respiratory pump

valves structure and function

formed by folds of tunica intima and highly concentrated in limbs; prevents back flow

The heart pumps blood through arteries (away), but pressure is ___ when blood reaches the veins

low

how does the skeletal muscle pump work

skeletal muscle contractions squeeze veins

Some pressure from blood comes from ____

capillary beds

What causes blood to flow from veins in the abdominal region to veins in the thoracic region?

The respiratory pump causes an increase in intra abdominal pressure and a decrease in intra thoracic pressure during respiration

The aorta leaves from the ____ of the heart

left ventricle

ascending aorta leaves the __

left ventricle

aortic arch arches to the ___

left

thoracic aorta travels downward through the ___

thorax

abdominal aorta passes through the ___ into the ___ cavity

diaphragm, abdominopelvic cavity

ascending aorta branches

right and left coronary arteries, serves the heart/myocardium

braciocephalic trunk branches

right common carotid after and right subclavian artery

left common carotid artery branches

internal and external carotid arteries

left subclavian artery branches

left vertebral artery and continues as the axillary artery → brachial artery → radial and ulnar arteries

what do intercostal arteries supply

muscles of the thorax wall

what do bronchial arteries supply

lungs

What do esophageal arteries serve

esophagus

What do phrenic arteries serve

diaphragm

what is the first branch from the abdominal aorta? what are its three branches?

celiac trunk branches into the left gastric artery, splenic artery, and common hepatic artery

hepatic artery serves the

liver

Superior mesenteric artery

most of the small intestine and first half of large intestine

Left and right renal arteries – serves the

kidneys

Left and right gonadal arteries

ovarian in females, testicular in males

Lumbar arteries serve

muscles of the abdomen and trunk

Inferior mesenteric artery

supplies the second half of the large intestine

what are the final branches of the aorta

Left and right common iliac arteries

Internal iliac arteries serve the

pelvic organs

External iliac arteries enter the thigh → ____

femoral artery → popliteal artery → anterior and posterior tibial arteries

Blood in the heart chambers ___ nourish the myocardium

does NOT

Blood empties into the ____ via the ___

right atrium, coronary sinus

What makes up the heart’s nourishing circulatory system?

Coronary arteries, cardiac veins, and the coronary sinus

Where do coronary arteries branch from? function?

Branch from the aorta and supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

What do cardiac veins do?

Drain deoxygenated blood from the myocardium

What is the coronary sinus?

A large vein on the posterior of the heart that receives blood from cardiac veins

Where do arteries originate?

behind aortic semilunar valves

What do interarterial anastomoses do?

assure continued blood supply by providing alternate pathways for blood flow if an artery is blocked

Function of capillary beds around alveoli

permit gas exchange (exchange CO2 for O2)

what is blood supply for the lungs provided by

bronchial arteries

Veins of hepatic portal circulation drain the:

• Digestive organs

• Spleen

• Pancreas

Major vessels of hepatic portal circulation

• Inferior and superior mesenteric

veins

• Splenic vein

• Left gastric vein

Function of Capillary beds of the digestive system

absorb nutrients and toxins

What carries blood from the digestive system to the liver?

hepatic portal vein

What is the liver’s role in the hepatic portal system?

Maintain proper glucose, fat, and protein concentration in blood, and filters toxins

What happens to blood after it leaves the liver?

drains into the hepatic vein

What is another name for the cerebral arterial circle?

Circle of Willis

What do internal carotid arteries branch into?

Anterior and middle cerebral arteries which supply most of the cerebrum

Vertebral arteries join within the skull to form the ____

basilar arteries

What does the basilar artery supply?

Brain stem and cerebellum

What do posterior cerebral arteries come from?

Division of the basilar artery

What do posterior cerebral arteries supply?

Posterior cerebrum

What connects anterior and posterior blood supply in the brain?

Communicating arteries

Where do the Superior and inferior vena cava enter?

the right atrium of the heart

Superior vena cava drains the ___

head and arms

Inferior vena cava drains the ____

lower body

Trace deep venous return from the arm

Radial & ulnar veins→ brachial vein→ axillary vein

What does the cephalic vein do?

Drains lateral arm and empties into axillary vein

What does the basilic vein do?

Drains medial arm and empties into brachial vein

Where are basilica and cephalic veins jointed?

At the median cubital vein (elbow area)

Where does the subclavian vein receive venous blood from?

axillary vein & skin and muscles of an head an neck via external jugular vein

What does the vertebral vein drain?

The posterior part of the head

What does the internal jugular vein drain?

the dural sinuses of the brain

Where do brachiocephalic veins receive venous blood from?

Subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular veins

What forms the superior vena cava?

Left & right brachiocephalic veins

What does the azygos vein drain?

Thorax

What veins drain the legs?

Anterior/posterior tibial and fibular veins

Trace deep venous return from the leg

Posterior tibial → popliteal → femoral → external iliac

What does the great saphenous vein (longest veins of the body) do?

Receive superficial drainage of the legs

How are the common iliac veins (left and right) formed?

Internal + external iliac veins on its own side

Where does the right gonadal vein drain?

the right ovary in females and the right testicle in males

Where does the left gonadal vein drain?

Left renal vein

What do renal veins drain?

kidneys

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

drains the digestive organs and travels through the liver before it enters systemic circulation

What do hepatic veins drain?

the liver

What is the function of the placenta?

Fetus receives exchanges of gases nutrients, and wastes

What does the umbilical vein carry?

Blood rich in nutrients and oxygen to the fetus

What do the rei umbilical arteries carry?

carbon dioxide and debris-laden blood from fetus to placenta

In fetal circulation, blood flow bypasses the liver through the ___ and enters the ____

ductus venosus, inferior vena cava

In fetal circulation, what does the foramen ovale do?

Shunts blood from the right atrium → left atrium (bypasses lungs)

In fetal circulation, what does the ductus arteriosus do?

connects the aorta and pulmonary trunk (becomes ligaments arteriosum at birth)

Where does a simple “tube heart” (without chambers) develops?

in the embryo

When does the simple tube heart start pumping?

Week 4 post-fertilization

When does the heart become a four-chambered organ?

end of week 7 post-fertilization

When do most structural changes (of the circulatory system) in the fetus stop?

after the seventh week post-fertilization