MICROPARA (9): Controlling Microbial Growth In Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents

any chemical (drug) used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo

Antimicrobial agent

fungal diseases

antifungal agents

an example of antifungal agent that works by binding with cell membrane sterols

nystatin and amphotericin B

an example of antifungal agent that works by interfering with sterol synthesis

clotrimazole and miconazole

an example of antifungal agent that works by blocking mitosis or nucleic acid synthesis

griseofulvin and 5-flucytosine

these agents work by Interfering with DNA and RNA synthesis

antiprotozoal agents

Difficult to develop these agents because viruses are produced within host cells.

antiviral agents

superbug MRSA

methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus

refers to the use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition

Chemotheraphy

any drug used to treat any condition or disease

Chemotherapeutic agent

Drugs used to treat bacterial diseases

antibacterial agents

protozoal diseases

antiprotozoal agents

a substance produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits growth of other microorganisms

antibiotic

4 antimicrobials

antibiotics - bacteria

antivirals - viruses

antifungals - fungi

antiparasitic - parasites

penicillin is an example of?

antibacterial/antibiotic/bactericidal

inhibit growth of bacteria

bacteriostatic drugs

agents that kill bacteria

bactericidal agents

inhibit production of folic acid from PABA

sulfonamide drugs

sulfa drugs are called _____________; they are _______________.

competitive inhibitors; bacteriostatic

explain how penicillin works

In most Gram-positive bacteria, penicillin interferes with the synthesis and cross-linking of peptidoglycan, a component of bacterial cell walls. Thus, by inhibiting cell wall synthesis, penicillin destroys the bacteria. (bactericidal)

destroy only Gram-negative bacteria, also referred to as __________.

colistin and nalidixic acid; narrow spectrum antibiotics.

Antibiotics that are destructive to both Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria are called

broad-spectrum antibiotics. (e.g, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and tetracycline.)

use fo 2 or more drugs simultaneously

multidrug therapy

bactericidal; interfere with cell wall synthesis

penicillins and cephalosporins

bacteriostatic; inhibit protein synthesis

tetracyclines

bactericidal; inhibit protein synthesis

Aminoglycosides

bacteriostatic at lower doses; bactericidal at higher doses; inhibit protein synthesis

Macrolides

bactericidal; inhibit DNA synthesis

Fluoroquinolones

when 2 antimicrobial agents are used together to produce a degree of pathogen killing that is greater than that achieved by either drug alone; a good thing

synergism

when 2 drugs actually work against each other. The extent of pathogen killing is less than that achieved by either drug alone; bad thing

antagonism

Antiviral agent "______________" (several drugs that are administered simultaneously) are being used to treat HIV infection

cocktails

microbes that have become resistant to one or more antimicrobial agent; difficult to treat

superbugs

superbug VRE

vancomycin-resistant enterococcus spp.

superbug MDRTB

multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis

Still learning (8)

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