Macroelements for vet diagnostic | Quizlet

Which of the following is not a symptom of phosphorus deficiency?

A. Convulsions

B. Muscle weakness

C. Increased urination

D. Breathing difficulties

C increased urination

Which condition is not a typical indication for phosphorus level testing?

A. Bone disease

B. Liver failure

C. Chemotherapy treatment

D. Hypoparathyroidism

B liver failure

Hyperphosphatemia may occur in all of the following except:

A. Hypoparathyroidism

B. Chemotherapy

C. Dehydration with acidosis

D. Hyperparathyroidism

D hyperparathyroidism

Hemolysis affects phosphorus testing because:

A. It causes a drop in serum calcium

B. It releases phosphorus from ruptured blood cells

C. It binds phosphorus with hemoglobin

D. It increases serum pH

B. It releases phosphorus from ruptured blood cells

Which of the following is a clinical sign of phosphorus deficiency?

A. Hypertension

B. Tachycardia

C. Muscle pain

D. Diarrhea

C . Muscle pain

. A common cause of increased phosphorus levels (hyperphosphatemia) is:

A. Vitamin D deficiency

B. Hyperparathyroidism

C. Decreased glomerular filtration rate

D. Chronic vomiting

C. Decreased glomerular filtration rate

Which of the following diseases is associated with low phosphorus levels (hypophosphatemia)?

A. Renal failure

B. Persistent vomiting

C. Acidosis

D. Chemotherapy-induced tumor lysis

B. Persistent vomiting

Which of the following is a valid indication for testing phosphorus levels?

A. Seasonal coat changes

B. Bone diseases

C. Heart murmurs

D. Increased appetite

B. Bone diseases

Phosphorus testing is recommended in cases of:

A. Hypoparathyroidism

B. Hyperthyroidism

C. Cataracts

D. Alopecia

A. Hypoparathyroidism

Phosphorus level monitoring is important during:

A. Deworming treatments

B. Chemotherapy

C. Vaccination schedules

D. Routine dental exams

B. Chemotherapy

Which metabolic disorder is an indication for phosphorus testing?

A. Diabetes insipidus

B. Vitamin D3 metabolism disorder

C. Cushing's syndrome

D. Insulinoma

B. Vitamin D3 metabolism disorder

A common veterinary sign prompting phosphorus testing in cattle is:

A. High milk yield

B. Delayed estrus

C. Frequent lags in herds

D. Tail biting

C. Frequent lags in herds

Which of the following conditions is commonly associated with hyperphosphatemia?

A. Hyperparathyroidism

B. Hypoparathyroidism

C. Hypoglycemia

D. Alkalosis

B. Hypoparathyroidism

Which renal condition contributes to increased phosphorus levels in the body?

A. Increased glomerular filtration

B. Nephrotic syndrome

C. Acute or chronic renal failure

D. Hyperaldosteronism

C. Acute or chronic renal failure

Which of the following does not cause hyperphosphatemia?

A. Dehydration with acidosis

B. Hypoparathyroidism- Underproduction of PTH, leading to low blood calcium = high p

C. Excessive physical exertion

D. Hyperparathyroidism- Overproduction of PTH, leading to high blood calcium = low P

D. Hyperparathyroidism

Which of the following is not a typical indication for measuring calcium levels in veterinary patients?

A. Suspicion of bone tumors or metastases

B. Routine health screening

C. Suspected hyperthyroidism

D. Acute diarrhea

D. Acute diarrhea

Which pathological condition is least likely to cause hypercalcemia?

A. Chronic nephritis with uremia- not act of vit d => decre ca absp

B. Vitamin D overdose

C. Pulmonary emphysema

D. Hypothyroidism- thyroid gland does not produ enough thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

D hypothyroidism

Which of the following gland dysfunctions is not a typical indication for calcium testing?

A. Thyroid gland- t3/t4

B. Parathyroid gland- pth

C. Adrenal gland- ne/e

D. Pituitary gland

D. Pituitary gland

Testing calcium levels can aid diagnosis in cases of poisoning with:

A. Vitamin C

B. Vitamin A and Vitamin D

C. Vitamin B12

D. Vitamin K

B. Vitamin A and Vitamin D

Magnesium deficiency in cattle is most commonly observed during which season?

A. Winter

B. Spring

C. Summer

D. Autumn

B spring

Which of the following clinical signs is least likely to be caused by magnesium deficiency?

A. Decreased milk production

B. Tetany → def of mg

C. Excessive excitability

D. Hyperglycemia

D. Hyperglycaemia

Why can magnesium levels appear falsely elevated in blood tests?

A. Delayed serum separation

B. Hemolysis releasing intracellular magnesium

C. Low serum albumin levels

D. Sample refrigeration

B hemolysis releasing intracellular magnesium

Which of the following is a valid indication for magnesium testing?

A. Persistent disorders of potassium and/or calcium metabolism

B. Liver enzyme abnormalities

C. Routine vaccination

D. Skin infections

A. Persistent disorders of potassium and/or calcium metabolism

Hypermagnesemia can be caused by all the following except:

A. Acute diabetic acidosis

B. Kidney failure

C. Hypocalcemia

D. Insufficient dietary intake

D. Insufficient dietary intake

Which clinical symptom would suggest the need to check magnesium levels?

A. Muscle cramps

B. Increased appetite

C. Weight gain

D. Hyperactivity without muscle symptoms

A. Muscle cramps

Chlorine regulation in the blood occurs closely in parallel with which other electrolyte?

A. Potassium

B. Sodium

C. Calcium

D. Magnesium

B. Sodium

Hyperchloremia may be caused by all of the following except:

A. High salt diet

B. Dehydration

C. Respiratory alkalosis- cl reabsp to replece lost hco3

D. Chronic vomiting- loss of cl (acid)

D. Chronic vomiting

Hypochloremia can result from:

A. Vomiting

B. High salt intake

C. Cushing's syndrome

D. Respiratory alkalosis

A. Vomiting

Which endocrine disorder is commonly associated with hyperchloremia?

A. Hypothyroidism

B. Cushing's syndrome (hyperadrenocorticism)- enhances rabsp of cortisol => na => cl

C. Addison's disease

D. Diabetes mellitus

B. Cushings syndrome hyperadrenocorticism

Which of the following medications can cause hyperchloremia by affecting chloride metabolism?

A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

B. Diuretics like furosemide

C. NSAIDs

D. Beta blockers

A. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors

In dehydration, sodium concentration in the blood typically:

A. Decreases due to dilution

B. Increases due to fluid loss

C. Remains unchanged

D. Drops due to renal excretion

B. Increases due to fluid loss

Sodium levels in blood are closely regulated by which hormone?

A. Insulin

B. Calcitonin

C. Parathyroid hormone

D. Aldosterone

D. Aldosterone

Which hormones are responsible for retaining sodium in the body?

A. Natriuretic peptides

B. Vasopressin and aldosterone

C. Insulin and glucagon

D. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

B. Vasopressin and aldosterone

Excess sodium in the diet can lead to all of the following except:

A. Fluid retention causing hypertension

B. Leaching of magnesium and potassium

C. Kidney damage

D. Increased insulin sensitivity

D. Increased insulin sensitivity

Hypernatremia may occur in all of the following conditions except:

A. Diabetes insipidus- def of ADH => loss of water = increase na

B. Heat stroke- sweating = loss of water = “““

C. Addison's disease

D. Hyperaldosteronism- excessive produ aldosterone which promot na reabsp

C. Addisons disease

Hyponatremia can be caused by:

A. Excessive sweating and burns

B. Hyperadrenal gland function

C. Diabetes insipidus

D. Fever

A. Excessive sweating and burns

Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with hypernatremia?

A. Excessive thirst and vomiting

B. Increased appetite and weight gain

C. Hyperactivity and restlessness

D. Hair loss and skin lesions

A. Excessive thirst and vomiting

Potassium is primarily found in the body in:

A. Extracellular fluids and bones

B. Intracellular fluids and bones

C. Blood plasma only

D. Digestive fluids

B intracell fluid and bones

Which of the following would invalidate a potassium blood test?

A. Taking blood from a pressurized vein causing hemolysis

B. Collecting blood in an EDTA tube

C. Testing immediately after collection

D. Using plasma instead of serum

A. Taking blood from a pressurized vein causing hemolysis

Potassium acts as an antagonist to which other ion in the body?

A. Calcium

B. Magnesium

C. Sodium

D. Chloride

C. Sodium

Indications for potassium testing include all except:

A. Muscle weakness and fatigue

B. Vomiting and diarrhea

C. Suspected liver disease

D. Palpitations and atrial fibrillation

C. Suspected liver disease

Which hormone's synthesis is primarily dependent on iodine?

A. Insulin

B. Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

C. Cortisol

D. Aldosterone

B t3 and t4

How do herbivorous animals compensate for fluctuations or low iodine content in their natural diet?

A. By storing excess iodine in the liver

B. Binding iodine to TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin) and efficient intestinal resorption

C. By excreting iodine rapidly through urine

D. Increasing thyroid hormone production

B. Binding iodine to TBG (thyroxine-binding globulin) and efficient intestinal resorption

Why is serum iodine measurement preferred over urine iodine determination in animals?

A. Serum iodine is not affected by diet

B. Urine iodine tests are technically and analytically difficult due to matrix effects and variability

C. Iodine does not appear in urine

D. Urine collection is more invasive than blood sampling

B. Urine iodine tests are technically and analytically difficult due to matrix effects and variability

Excessive iodine intake in animals can lead to:

A. Hypothyroidism and lethargy

B. Reduced mucus secretion

C. Hyperthyroidism and increased salivary gland activity

D. Vitamin D deficiency

C. Hyperthyroidism and increased salivary gland activity

Which analytical method is used to accurately measure serum iodine concentration?

A. ELISA

B. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

C. Spectrophotometry

D. Western blotting

B. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)

Iodine deficiency in pregnant females can cause:

A) Irreversible brain damage in the fetus and newborns

B) Reversible weight gain in the fetus

C) Increased muscle mass

D) Excessive mucus secretion

A) Irreversible brain damage in the fetus and newborns

More than half of the iron in the body is found in:

A) Ferritin

B) Hemoglobin

C) Bone marrow

D) Liver tissue

B hemoglobin

Iron stored in organs such as the liver and spleen is bound to which protein?

A) Albumin- carrier protein

B) Transferrin- iron transp

C) Ferritin- stores iron

D) Hemoglobin

C. Ferritin

The blood test for iron level measures:

A) Total iron content

B) Iron bound to ferritin

C) Iron bound to transferrin

D) Free iron ions

C) Iron bound to transferrin

Increased iron levels in the body can be caused by:

A) Iron deficiency anemia

B) Viral hepatitis

C) Cancer

D) Nephrosis

B. Viral hepatitis

Reduced iron levels in the body can occur in:

A) Hemolytic anemia

B) Viral hepatitis

C) Cancer

D) Estrogen therapy

C cancer

What test is necessary if iron absorption disorder is suspected?

A) Serum ferritin measurement

B) Serum transferrin receptor test

C) Complete blood count

D) Oral iron absorption test

D) oral iron absorption test