AP Bio Organelles (study)

Nuclear Envelope

Double membrane enclosing the nucleus;perforated by pores;continuous with ER

Chromatin/ Chromosomes

Material consisting of DNA and proteins; visible in a dividing cell as individual condensed chromosomes

Nucleolus

Non Membranous structure involved in production of ribosomes; a nucleus has one or more nucleoli

Ribosomes

Make proteins

Smooth ER

ake lipids (fats, oils, waxes, cell membrane), & helps with cell detox

Rough ER

Vast membrane system extending from the nucleus; Proteins for export are made here and sent to the Golgi; has rough (ribosome-studded) regions

Golgi

Buffers proteins before shipping them to the membrane for export;organelle active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell product

Lysosomes

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

Food Vacuoles

Formed by phagocytosis. Transports solutes (food).

Contractile Vacuole

Unicellular eukaryote. Pumps excess water out of cell, thereby maintaining a suitable concentration of ions and molecules inside the cell.

Central Vacuole

prominent organelle in older plant cells; functions include storage, breakdown of waste products, and hydrolysis of macromolecules; enlargement of the vacuole is a major mechanism of plant growth

Endomembrane System (overall)

Membrane lipids and proteins. Controls the cell’s compartmental organization.

Mitochondrion

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated

Chloroplast

photosynthetic organelle; converts energy of sunlight to chemical energy stored in sugar molecules

Peroxisomes

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions; produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product and then converts it to water

Microtubules, cytoskeleton

Hollow rods constructed from a globular protein (tubulin). Tracks where motor organelles can move

Microfilaments, cytoskeleton

Solid rods. Bear tension. Help cells and their mobility.

Intermediate filaments, cytoskeleton

Larger than microfilaments, but smaller than microtubules. Tension and provide permanent fixtures of cells.

Cell Wall

outer layer that maintains cell's shape and protects cell from mechanical damage; made of cellulose, other polysaccharides, and protein

Extracellular matrix

Cell “wall”. Glycoproteins and carbs = coordinate behavior of all cells of that tissue.

Plasmodesmata

cytoplasmic channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells

Tight Junctions

Plasma membranes tight together. Prevents leaks from extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells.

Desmosomes

Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm.

Gap Junctions

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell. Membrane proteins that surround pore.

Prokaryotes

Single celled,No membrane bound organelles,Tiny cells,4 byo,Naked DNA (nucleoid)

Eukaryotes

Mostly multi-cellular,membrane bound organelles,Larger cells,2 byo,Chromatin (nucleus)

Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes both…

Membrane,Cytoplasm,DNA,Ribosomes

Golgi (#)

Single Membrane

ER (#)

Single Membrane

Vacuole (#)

Single Membrane

Lysosome (#)

Single Membrane

Peroxisomes (#)

Single Membrane

Flagella (#)

Single Membrane

Cilia (#)

Single Membrane

Nucleus (#)

Double Membrane

Mitochondria (#)

Double Membrane

Chloroplasts (#)

Double Membrane

DNA

codes for proteins

Parts of a Nucleus

Nuclear Envelope, Chromatin, Necleolus

Organelles in a Cytoplasm

Mitochondria, Chloroplasts

Endosymbiotic Theory

M & C were prokaryotic organisms that were swallowed by another larger prokaryote 3-4 byo via phagocytosis. Host cell failed to digest M & C and ultimately formed a: mutualistic symbiosis with their host.

Evidence for the Endosymbiotic Theory

1. M & C have independent DNA

2. M & C DNA is similar to prokaryotic DNA

3. M & C multiply independently from the rest of the cell

4. M & C have double membranes

Organelles in the Cytoplasm

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER), Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER), Golgi Apparatus,Lysosomes,Vacuoles,Vesicles

Cell structures NOT organelles

Ribosomes,Membranes,Cytoskeleton

Cell Membrane

Flexible barrier made up of a lipid bi-layer, Controls what enters and exits the cell

Cell Theory

1. All living things are made out of one or more cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

3. All cells come from other cells

Magnifying Power

how much a microscope can magnify an image

Resolving Power

the clarity of the image (focus)

Compound Light Microscope

• Visible light is the radiation source

• Glass lenses are used for magnification

• Images are in color & potentially alive

• Includes:  two or more lenses plus a light source

• Total magnification = lens 1 x lens 2

• Maximum magnification = 400x

Electron Microscope

• Electron beam is the radiation source

• Lenses are electromagnets

• Specimen is prepared (frozen/dead)

• Images are enhanced by electronics and computers

• Images are black and white

• Electron Microscope (EM) maximum magnification = 50,000,000x

Transmission EM

Electron beam goes through thin slices of the specimen (2D)

Scanning EM

Electron beam scans over surfaces of the entire specimen (3D)

Cell Fractionation Process

1. Homogenize cells (blender)

2. Centrifugation the homogenate (spin at 10,000 rpm) at specific time intervals; Organelles will be in the pellet (bottom of tube); heaviest organelles first

Cell size

A larger Surface Area compared to the Volume helps smaller cells absorb/move materials a lot quicker.

Vesicles

Small packages for transport

Red

Nucleolus

Orange

Nuclear Envelope

yellow

Chromatin

Mitochondria

Chloroplast

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)

Golgi Apparatus

Scanning EM

Transmission EM