hernandez mod 6

_____ is the use of chemical substances (legal or illegal) that interferes with a person’s physical health, mental health, emotional well-being or social functioning.

Substance abuse

Substance abuse is responsible for millions of deaths worldwide each year (_____________; __________). In the United States, more than _____ ____ die each year from drug-related causes.

5 million from tobacco, 1.8 million from alcohol, 38000 people

_________ is a basic requirement for lifelong physical and  mental health.

Steering clear of substance abuse

_____ is the influence that one’s peers and siblings have over a person’s choices. It can be positive, negative or neutral; it can be unspoken.

peer pressure

_____ are the skills necessary to avoid high-risk behaviors.

Refusal skills

______ is the character trait that allows a person to communicate his or her opinions in a strong, confident manner.

Assertiveness

_______ allow a person to plan ahead and practice refusal skills, including knowing one’s values and boundaries and having clear, simple and firm responses to negative peer pressure.

Refusal strategies

_______ is the compulsive need for more and more habit-forming substances, even though the drug user knows there are strong negative health and social consequences.

Drug dependence

_____ is a neurotransmitter—a brain chemical that controls the “pleasure message” to the brain

Dopamine

_____ is the need to take more and more of a substance in order to achieve euphoric feelings.

Tolerance

______ is the body’s reaction to being deprived of the drugs on which it has become dependent—the body goes into shock and causes symptoms that may include intense craving, irritability, nausea, sweating, anxiety, shaking, violent and psychotic behavior, depression and fear.

Withdrawal

______ is taking a large enough dose of a drug to poison the body, causing illness or death.

Overdose

____ is the act of consuming multiple drinks in a short period with the intention of getting drunk. It can lead to alcohol poisoning and death.

Binge drinking

_____, a drug that slows down the functioning of the central nervous system and the brain. It is also a poison.

Alcohol is a depressant

_____ is a measure of the amount of alcohol in the blood.

Blood alcohol content (BAC)

______ means driving with a BAC at or above 0.08%

Driving While Intoxicated (DWI)

It is illegal for _____

anyone under the age of 21 to buy, possess or consume alcohol.

_______ make it illegal for anyone under the age of 21 to drive with any amount of alcohol in the blood.

Zero tolerance laws

_____ is an overdose of alcohol. How much alcohol will cause an overdose depends on factors such as the drinker’s body size and how quickly he or she consumes the alcohol. Symptoms include mental confusion, sleepiness, vomiting, slow breathing and hyperthermia (low body temperature)

Alcohol poisoning

If a person has passed out from drinking, ____ immediately. Place the person on his or her ____ to prevent choking on vomit. Perform ____ if necessary until emergency personnel arrive. Do not leave the person ____. Permanent brain damage and death can occur very quickly

call 911, side, CPR, alone

_____ is the term for the unpleasant physiological symptoms of drinking alcohol—headache, lethargy, thirst, depression and nausea. The only cure for hangover is time, as the body metabolizes the alcohol that was consumed.

Hangover

The ______ take a toll on all systems of the body including the central nervous system, brain, cardiovascular system, digestive system, liver and pancreas and general health (weakened immune system, obesity and stress.)

long term effects of alcohol abuse

A pregnant woman who drinks alcohol risks damaging her baby with ______, a group of symptoms that includes irreversible physical and mental birth defects to her baby, including abnormal facial features, growth deficiencies, learning disabilities, behavioral and emotional problems and joint and heart problems. FAS is totally preventable by not drinking any alcohol during pregnancy. There is no “safe” amount of alcohol for a pregnant woman to consume during pregnancy.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

The brain does not fully develop until the _____. The _____ is particularly susceptible to permanent injury from alcohol. _____ are more likely to be victims or perpetrators of violent crimes, have unprotected sex, have unwanted pregnancies, have more STDs, die in alcohol-related car accidents, suffer alcohol overdose and drop out of school.

mid 20s, teenage brain, teen drinkers

_____, also known as _____, is a chronic psychological disorder characterized by excessive and compulsive drinking. It affects about _____ in the United States. If you start to drink under the age of 15, you are four times more likely to become dependent on alcohol at some point in your life.

Alcohol dependence, alcoholism, 14 million people

_____ in teens include personality changes, drinking more than peers, morning drinking, alcohol-related arrests, need to drink before going to a party, fighting when drinking, lying, covering up and being defensive about drinking.

Signs of alcoholism

______ is the process of overcoming dependence on alcohol or other drugs. It is a long and difficult process, particularly for teens whose still-developing brains are chemically changed by alcohol.

____ is a plant with leaves that are dried, cured and flavored to make cigarettes, cigars, snuff, chewing tobacco, hookah tobacco and more.

Tobacco

_____ is a highly addictive stimulant found in all tobacco products. It is as addictive as cocaine.

Nicotine

There are _____. About 20 percent of all adults smoke and approximately 3.5 million high school students are smokers. Almost all smokers begin smoking before the age of 18.

more than 45 million adult smokers in the United States

Tobacco users develop a _____ on nicotine. Chemical changes in the brain are triggered by nicotine and result in addiction.

dependence

Addiction is characterized by three stages: _____

wanting, craving and needing

Cigarette smoke contains 4,000 chemicals and 250 poisons, including more than 50 known _____ (chemicals that cause cancer) including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic and DDT.

carcinogens

Cigarette smoke also contains ____, a sticky mixture of substances that damages the ____ in the lungs and airways.

tar, cilia

_____ increase the risk of ______ including heart disease, many different kinds of cancer, stroke, emphysema, COPD and more.

All tobacco products, deadly diseases

The negative effects of ______, including increased risk of infection, tooth decay, persistent cough, tightening of the airways, increased phlegm, smelly breath and clothes, irritated eyes and throat, increased heart rate, heartburn and acid reflux.

smoking are immediate

Smoking during ____ can damage the ____, causing low birthweight and other developmental issues.

pregnancy, developing fetus

____ causes many cancers, including cancers of the lips, gums, tongue, cheeks and laryn

Smokeless tobacco

____—both _____ (coming from the smoker’s lungs) and ______ (coming from the lit end of a cigarette)—is harmful to nonsmokers, causes the same disease risks as firsthand smoke and is the most lethal form of indoor air pollution.

Secondhand smoke, mainstream smoke, sidestream smoke

The _____ uses targeted advertising to hook new teen smokers.

tobacco industry

It is extremely difficult to ____, but it is possible with treatment, support and determination. The damage done by tobacco can be slowly ____.

quit smoking, reversed

_____ include tapering, going cold turkey, using nicotine patches and gums, using support groups or acupuncture as well as prescription medicine to reduce cravings.

Quitting options

_____ is a drug that comes from the leaves and flowers of a plant called cannabis sativa. It is the most commonly used illegal drug in the United States. It is known by many street names and can be smoked or eaten.

Marijuana

Marijuana is a ______. Its mind-altering chemical is known as ____ but marijuana contains about 400 other chemicals, mostly carcinogens.

psychoactive drug, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

______ interferes with short-term memory, causes anxiety, paranoia and distortion of reality

Marijuana

______ can cause acute psychosis, including hallucinations and delusions.

High doses

The mouth, lungs, muscles, heart, stomach and immune system are impaired by _____, as is the reproductive system

marijuana

Marijuana is a _____ and is illegal to possess. A handful of states allow the use of medical marijuana even though it is still illegal under federal law.

Schedule i controlled substance

_____ are common chemical poisons that are sniffed by abusers to get high. They are extremely dangerous. Even one experiment with poisonous inhalants can be fata

Inhalants

Chronic inhalant abusers suffer severe and permanent _____.

brain damage

______occurs when the heart stops abruptly after inhalants are used. SSDS accounts for approximately 50% of all inhalant-related deaths.

Sudden sniffing death syndrome (SSDS)

______ are chemicals that affect the brain and the central nervous system. They impair brain functions such as perception, learning and coordination.

Psychoactive drugs

________ are drugs that speed up the activity of the central nervous system. Some stimulants are legal—such as tobacco or caffeine—although many are against the law. Cocaine, methamphetamine and other amphetamines are examples of extremely addictive, potent and illegal stimulant drugs. Possession of these drugs is a federal crime punishable by fines and long prison terms

Stimulants

_______ means users need to take more and more of the drug to get the same high. _____ means the body craves the drug and it becomes the most important factor in a person’s life.

Tolerance, Addiction

_____ is a rollercoaster of ups and downs that happen to people who abuse stimulants. The cycle includes these stages: rush, high, binge, tweaking, crash, almost normal and withdrawal.

The binge abuse cycle

_____ is a stimulant made from the leaves of the coca plant from South America. It is usually sold in the form of a white powder. ______ is a powerful form of crystallized cocaine. Both cocaine and crack are highly addictive. Sudden death can occur from cardiac or respiratory arrest.

Cocaine, Crack

_____ (also known as “meth”) is a highly addictive amphetamine that causes euphoria, anxiety and extreme agitation. Meth users are known for obsessively picking at imaginary bugs crawling under their skin.

Methamphetamine

Meth speeds up the central nervous system and can cause convulsions, stroke and cardiac arrest. It is highly addictive. _____ are closely related drugs with similar, but less potent, effects

Amphetamines

Methamphetamine is manufactured throughout the U.S. in _____ typically found in homes or hotel rooms. These labs produce large quantities of toxic waste that is dangerous to local residents and the environment.

“meth labs”

_____ are drugs that alter and distort emotions, thoughts and sensory perceptions. LSD, peyote, mescaline, mushrooms and PCP are hallucinogens

Hallucinogens

______ is a nickname given to a number of drugs that have become popular at raves and other types of parties. Ecstasy, the most common club drug, causes muscle spasms, involuntary teeth clenching, nausea, blurred vision, rapid heartbeat and sweating. Other club drugs include GHB, ketamine and Rohypnol.

Club drugs

______ is a powerful sedative. ____ depresses the central nervous system causing feelings of weakness and confusion. It also causes nausea, vomiting, dizziness, drowsiness and loss of coordination.

GHB

____ is a veterinary drug that causes profound depression and numbness in humans. It causes vomiting, impaired vision, convulsions, severe breathing problems, coma and death.

Ketamine

____ is a powerful sedative that may be legally prescribed in other countries, but is against the law in the United States. It is tasteless and odorless and is often referred to as a ______ because it is difficult to detect in a drink.

Rohypnol, “date rape” drug

_____ is a narcotic made from poppy flower seeds. It is more addictive than ______, which also comes from the poppy plant.

Heroin, morphine

_____ are medicines that can be obtained only with a written prescription from a doctor. Prescription drugs are regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

Prescription drugs

Prescription drugs should be used only by the patient for whom they are prescribed; patients should follow the directions for use and finish the prescription, even if they are feeling better. ______________________

Never share prescription drugs.

_____ are available without a prescription. They still can be misused or intentionally abused to get high.

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs

______ Know what you’re taking. Know the possible side effects and dangerous interactions of prescription or OTC drugs with other drugs.

Read the Drug Facts label!

______ refers to taking several different OTC or prescription drugs simultaneously. Be aware of potentially dangerous drug interactions or unintentional overdoses. Check with your doctor or pharmacist before you take more than one drug at a time.

Polypharmacy

_________ are websites that sell counterfeit or unsafe prescription drugs. They may also sell drugs without a prescription. If you are buying prescription drugs online, be certain you are dealing with a reputable pharmacy.

______ is the active ingredient in many OTC cough medicines. It is hazardous if misused or abused

DMX or dextromethorphan

. A ______ is one that is sold under a registered trademark. A _____ has the same active ingredients but is not protected by a registered trademark.

generic drug

_____ slow down the central nervous system, reduce heart rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles and reduce stress and anxiety. ______ and _____ are two classes of depressants. Alcohol is also a depressant.

Depressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines

The most commonly abused prescription drugs are _____ (tranquilizers and sedatives) and _____ such as OxyContin® and Percocet.®

depressants, pain relievers

The most often abused OTC drugs include ____ (acetaminophen and ibuprofen), ____ (antihistamines and other cold remedies) and _____ (Sudafed,® caffeine energy products and weight control products).

pain remedies, depressants, stimulants

______ is the accidental or intentional ingestion of a drug (or drugs) in an amount that is beyond the recommended dose. Overdose can be caused by an interaction of two or more drugs or by mixing drugs with alcohol. Call 911 immediately if an overdose is suspected.

Overdose