CRISPR AND GENE TO PROTEIN LAB EXAM

What is CRISPR? (Intro Sentence)

CRISPR is a natural gene-editing system found in bacteria that acts as an immune defense against viruses.

2. Function in Bacteria (What it does)

CRISPR protects bacteria from viruses.
• It stores pieces of viral DNA as “memory.”
• This allows bacteria to recognize and destroy the same virus in the future

3. How CRISPR Works (Steps)

1. Virus infects bacteria.
2. Bacteria cuts viral DNA and stores it in CRISPR.
3. CRISPR DNA is turned into RNA (crRNA).
4. RNA guides Cas9 enzyme to matching DNA.
5. Cas9 cuts the viral DNA and destroys it.

CRISPR in Biotechnology (Modern Use)

• Scientists use CRISPR as a gene-editing tool.
• Guide RNA (sgRNA) directs Cas9 to a specific gene.
• Cas9 can cut, insert, delete, or change DNA.
• Used in medicine, research, and agriculture

TRANSCRIPTION (in nucleus)

DNA (template strand)
   ↓
RNA Polymerase copies DNA
   ↓
mRNA is made

TRANSLATION (in cytoplasm)

mRNA (codons: 3 letters)
   ↓
Ribosome reads codons
   ↓
tRNA brings amino acids
   ↓
Amino acids join → Protein