EMI

A non-opioid analgesic and antipyretic agent used to relieve mild to moderate pains and fevers. If the maximum daily dose is exceeded liver damage can occur, sometimes leading to transplantation or death.

Acetaminophen

involves stimulating touch sensitive Aβ fibres which releases endogenous opioids. Uses small pieces of equipment. A session normally lasts 20 mins to an hour

Acupuncture

Translated as the 'big yellow' it a herbal remedy used to treat intestinal stagnation and obstruction of the bowels

Da Huang

A drug which inhibits the COX gene from turning arachidonic acid into prostaglandins. Prostaglandins usually activates an inflammatory response which leads to pain and swelling.

Ibuprofen

An anxyiolytic/analgesic agent that causes CNS depression, muscle relaxation and euphoria. Used in the treatment of dentally anxious patients.

N2O

Your patient, a 65 year old male with atrial fibrillation, attends the Restorative Clinic for treatment planning. Whilst you are charting you detect some carious lesions, so you request bitewing radiographs to assess these more thoroughly. Before you call the patient back into the bay, you open PACS to view the bitewings but notice they have previously had a chest x-ray - you know the patient has a pacemaker fitted and you've always wondered what they look like on a radiograph since you saw one in HARC. You open the chest x-ray and take a look out of curiosity.

An invasion of privacy

A dental practitioner performing excessive treatments such as unneceassary extractions in order to get a financial gain

Criminally negligent

The behaviour of a triage nurse who faxes patient details to the wrong number may be best described as what?

Medically negligent

A group of dentists have gathered in the hospitals canteen for lunch. One of the dentists is struggling coming up with a diagnosis for one of their patients and begins discussing said patient with their collegues, stating the patients name and age and going through the patients medical history and symptoms outloud. The dentist also shows the patients results of radiographs and case notes to their collegue. A dental student and receptionist enter the canteen to eat their lunch during this conversaion.

An invasion of privacy

A dentist who has posted videos of a restoration they have conducted on a patient on both TikTok and Instagram, despite the request for the videos to only be posted to TikTok

To have exceeded consent

Also known as ptalyin, Humans have this enzyme in their saliva, but some mammals like horses, dogs and cats do not. The production of this enzyme gradually decreases with age and is predominantly produced by the salivary gland and pancreas

Amylase

A 32-year-old patient presents with a history of recurrent oral ulcers and complains of discomfort while eating. A physical examination reveals multiple shallow, painful ulcers on the oral mucosa. The patient's medical history is unremarkable, and there is no evidence of systemic disease. Upon further investigation, you suspect a dysfunction in salivary protein composition.

Cystatin

What is the name for the family of proteins that are found in human saliva and have antifungal and antibacterial activities. They are also components of the aquired enamel pellicle.

Histatin

Substance found mainly in respiratory tract that plays a key role in defending mucosal surfaces agaisnt attack by infectious microorganisms.

IgA

Treponema pallidum is a type of bacteria which metabolises which iron chelating protein

Lactoferrin

This is an important neurotransmitter that is involved in the first stage of signal transduction by binding to muscarinic receptors to ultimately trigger the secretion of serous saliva.

Acetylcholine

This is a type of G protein-coupled receptor found in smooth muscle, glands and the central peripheral nervous system, it is known to be associated with Sjögrens syndrome.

anti M3R autoantibodies

this signalling molecule is derivative of ATP, used for intracellular signal transduction and mediates salivary secretions

cAMP

This enzyme stimulates exocytosis of protein secretion aswell as protein synthesis

cAMP

cAMP will replace the role of this molecule in acinar cells

[Ca2+]i

Found within the TMJ, what serves to function as a load-bearing surface that provides shock absorption and smooth movement during mastication?

Hyaline cartilage

A craniomandibular muscle that depresses the mandible and opens the mouth when assisted by the anterior belly of the digastric muscle and the mylohyoid muscle

Lateral pterygoid

This componenet of the TMJ acts as a lubricant and shock absorber and allows for smooth jaw movements by reducing friction and cushioning the articular cartilage and other tissues

Synovial

Covers the articular surfaces and is charcterised by being smooth and slippery, assisting motion

Hyaline cartilage

Type of joint that is freely movable that is surrounded by an articular capsule

Synovial

an anatomical structure that is responsible for articulating with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone and facilitating the pivotal movement during mastication. This structure enables hinge-like and sliding motions.

Condylar process

A type of cartilage that is contains a lot of type II collagen and whose simple structure is mainly made up of groups of cells called chondrocytes which are embedded in an intracellular matrix. This type of cartilage can be found in areas such as the nose, ears and trachea.

Hyaline

A muscle that is involved with the movement of the TMJ which is formed by two heads: an inferior and a superior head. It is also innervated by a branch of the trigeminal nerve (the mandibular nerve)

Lateral pterygoid

One of the three ligaments of the temporomandibular joint. It is situated medially to (and generally separate from) the articular capsule of the joint. It is attached to the spine of the sphenoid bone and the lingula of mandible.

Sphenomandibular ligament

Being the most common type of cartilage in the human body, this cartilage is characterized by its smooth, glassy appearance.

Hyaline cartilage

A chronic condition commonly associated with Candida albicans, characterised by a persistent and unpleasant sensation of discomfort in the oral mucous membranes. It also could be attributed to diabetic peripheral neuropathy, although it may commence with no underlying cause.

BMS

When small spaces behind your cheekbones/forehead become swollen, ususally due to infection. Common symptoms of this are pain in the face, a blocked/runny nose and a headache.

Sinusitis

The specific medical term for the condition characterised by type 1 hypersensitivity reactions involving the release of hystamines and IgE antibodies in response to environmental stimuli resulting in symptoms such as watery eyes, nasal congestion, sneezing and itching

Allergic Rhinitis

Patients who suffer from this condition may need alternative methods to brush their teeth (e.g. mouth sponges/rinses) due to severe/sudden facial pain

Trigeminal neuralgia

Can be treated with medication, with the mechanism of action of acting as an agonist of alpha-adrenergic receptors, to cause the release of endogenous norepinephrine.

Allergic Rhinitis

An almond shaped gland secreting a solution of water, electrolytes, proteins and antimicrobial agents for protective and lubricating functions

Lacrimal gland

when this gland is damaged during surgery it can result in Frey's syndrome causing facial flushing and sweating whilst eating.

Parotid

This gland is commonly associated with the formation of calculus on the lower anteriors due to the calcium and phosphate produced and the proximity to the teeth.

Submandibular gland

A patient arrives complaining of pain around her ear/jaw. She has recently recovered from mumps. Which gland is most likely to be swollen?

Parotid gland

The smallest of the three salviary glands and the only unencapsulated salivary gland. Produces a thick mucinous fluid which lubricates the oral cavity allowing for swallowing and digestion

Sublingual gland

Invloved in the anterolateral spinothalamic pathway and synapses into laminae 1 and 5 in the spinal chord

Adelta neurone

What type of unmyelinated fiber is responsible for transmitting dull, aching and burning pain sensations during dental procedures and oral pain perception?

C fibre

The peripheral nociceptor fibres terminate where?

Dorsal horn

Simple anaglesics such as paracetamol and NSAIDs are good at targeting this aspect of pain perception and thus best for this type of pain.

Nociceptor

A medical condition caused by the build-up of uric acid in the blood, otherwise known as hyperuricemia, where needle-like crystals form in the joint. This condition presents as sudden and severe attacks of pain, redness, swelling, and tenderness in the joints, typically affecting the joint at the base of the big toe.

Gout

This condition can limit range of movement, causing pain and stiffness. The main cause of this is blood leaking into the joint.

Haemarthrosis

A degenerative joint disease, in which tissues in the joint break down over time. It is the most common type of arthritis and is more common in older people

Osteoarthritis

a chronic inflammatory disorder that affects more tham one joint and can damage skin, eye, lungs, blood vessels. caused by the body's immune system attacking itself.

Rheumatoid arthritis

An autoimmune disease that can occur in any joint but is commonly associated with the joints involved in the hands and feet. A common symptom displayed along with asymmetric joint pain are itchy, painful red patches which are non-contagious.

Psoriatic arthritis

activates an organic compound, that inhibits factor VIII and V in their activated form

Protein kinase C

Clotting factor II

Prothrombin

This factor is activated by tissue factor to form a complex. This complex triggers a series of reactions which lead to the activation of factor X.

Factor VII

A vitamin K-dependent protein synthesised in the liver, and its synthesis is influenced by the avilability of vitamin K. Overall this protein plays a crucial role in the clotting cascade.

Prothrombin

In the coagulation cascade which factor is a cofactor for factor VII and the primary initiator of the extrinsic pathway in blood coagulation?

Tissue Factor (III)

an antipyretic agent which is used to treat mild to moderate pain, such as toothache, where a byproduct of this drug is toxic to the liver

Acetaminophen

What activates plasminogen to plasmin, promoting fibrinolysis?

Alteplase

A drug which acts as an antiplatelet agent at lower doses and used as a form of analgesia in higher doses. Thought to increase the risk of Reye's syndrome in children below 16 years of age.

Aspirin

This drug works very quickly to thin blood and works by binding to antithrombin III and enhacing its effects to produce effects which blocks cofactors IX, X, XII and thrombin

Heparin

Which drug inhibits the reduction of vitamin k epoxide reducatase and therefore stops the reduction of vitamin k

Warfarin

where schools select pupils based on their religious belief

Allowable discrimination

what type of discrimination occurs when someone is denied a job promotion due to their gender?

Direct discrimination

Inappropriate behaviour that makes someone feel intimidated, it is often repeated without valid reason

Harassment

A policy in the work place that applies to everyone, but some individuals may be more effected than others.

Indirect discrimination

The Equality Act deems this type of discrimination justified if the person who's discriminating against you can show it's a proportionate means of achieving a legitimate aim.

Positive discrimination

this mineral is important in the process of muscle contraction and is a co-factor in the blood clotting cascasde/blood coagulation, where it binds with blood clotting factors to activate other blood clotting factors

Calcium

What is the water-soluble vitamin crucial for DNA and RNA synthesis, red blood cell production, and the prevention of neural tube defects during pregnancy, often recommended in supplement form for women of childbearing age

Folic Acid

What is the scientific name of the herb widely known for its traditional use in herbal medicine, and is commonly referred to as St. John's Wort?

Hypercium perforatum

Your patient, Barry Steele comes in and mentions his recent troubles he has had with dry eyes and night time blindness. You suggest he may have a deficiency in _____. You advise him to eat more leafy green vegetables, orange and yellow vegetables, beef liver and eggs.

Vitamin A

Part of the cell membranes, important for cell receptor functioning, and initiators for hormone synthesis

Omega-3

A type of white blood cell that defend against parasites by containing inflammotory mediators in cytoplasm for coordinating inflammatory and immune response

Basophil

Another name for a red blood cell. This cell is a biconcave disc shape in healthy individuals who do not have sickle cell disease. The biconcave shape of this cell maximises the concentration of oxygen that is able to be trabsported around the body.

Erythrocyte

A type of cell that, along with plasma cells, is involved in chronic non-specific inflammation

Lymphocyte

A large cell with a lobulated nucleus that is particularly found in bone marrow. It's primary function is to synthesise and assemble platelet components and organelles

Megakaryocyte

developed from B-lymphocytes and made within bone marrow, this cell once stimulated will secrete antibodies to fight pathogens.

Plasma cell

What is the process of controlling the shape and direction of X-rays in order to improve image quality and reduce patient exposure to radiation?

Collimation

you avoid this from happening by using a film holder when taking a radiograph, to ensure the beam is in line with the xray film

Coning

An increase of this results in a darker image

Exposure

This acroynm helps dental professionals to keep themselves, their employees, and their patients safe from over exposure of dental x-rays?

ALARP

A rare adverse health effect of radiation exposure in dentistry, which can be both somatic and genetic. Mutations caused by this effect in the germ cells lead to a possibility of a cancer in the offspring, however they are rare in dentistry since the beam does not direct at the gonads. There is no pattern to this side effect.

Stochastic

What is the occupational annual dose of radiation?

20 mSv

What is the smallest dose of radiation you can receive before your chances of cancer increases?

100 mSv

This amount of radiation can induce nausea and a reduction in white blood cells

1000 mSv

The amount of radiation consistent with two bitewing radiographs.

0.01 mSv

This venous structure is involved with the venous drainage of the head and neck, particularly the scalp and the area behind the ear, and is formed by the union of the superficial temporal vein and the posterior division of the external jugular vein.

Auricular

Located in the subarachnoid space. They peirce the meninges and drain further into the cranial venous sinuses

cerebral

Which vein is located posterior to the pterygoid venous plexus and is responsible for drainage to the retromandibular vein

Maxillary

A superficial vein of the scalp that originates from a plexus. It eventually becomes one vein that empties into the jugular vein, or into the suboccipital plexus.

Occipital

The largest vein in the posterior cranial fossa which drains the anterior aspect of the cerebellum and brain stem into the superior petrosal sinus.

Petrosal

The following points must satisfy the practitioner when applying this term: the young person cannot be persuaded to inform their parents, they understand the advice been given, physical and mental health likely to suffer unless they receive treatment, in the young persons best interest to receive the advice without informing parents, very likely to continue having sex.

Fraser Guidelines

This is when the patient has given the go ahead to complete a treatment but is not informed and/or they may not have the capacity to give consent

Invalid consent

Jane's boyfriend wanted her to undergo a treatment that she didn't feel comfortable with. Instead, Jane agreed to a treatment plan that she wanted, without feeling pressured or coerced in any way.

Voluntary consent

A patient at the University of Liverpool has signed the student treatment agreement within the last year. What type of consent is this?

Written consent

After unfortunately being in a car crash, Sandra was by herself in her car, unconscious and unable to communicate. Emergency services acted quickly and provided medical treatment at the scene. What type of consent has been given?

Implied consent

This concept, introduced by sociologist Arthur Frank, highlights how illness can disrupt the expected trajectory of one's life story. It describes how chronic illness or a significant health condition can impact an individuals sense of self, life goals, and relationships.

Biographical disruption

a systematic approach to estimating the strengths and weaknesses of alternatives that satisfy transactions, activities or functional requirements. it provides a decision making metric when weighing up multiple options, leading to a rational decision

Cost-benefit analysis

You are a female dental student and asked by a family member what you study at university. You reply 'Dentistry' to which they ask, 'Oh so you're going to be a dental nurse?'.

Sterotyping

a prejudicial thought disregarding someones skills and abilities publically

Stigmatisation

This models attempts to explain the prevalent causes of psychological disorders, which it attributed to both predisposition and external stressors.

Diathesis stress model

Equated to what people want, it can be defined by asking individuals of their wishes. This type of health need also means that it can often be inflated by an individuals reference to their own high expectations.

Felt need

A 45-year-old patient presents to the dental hospital with complaints of persistent pain and severe discomfort in the lower left of his jaw. The patient's medical history reveals no significant systemic conditions, and the dental history indicates a previous restoration on the lower left 6 tooth. Clinical examination reveals tenderness to percussion, deep caries involving the pulp, and radiographic evidence of periapical pathology.

Expressed need