abnormal

First Trimester Bleeding

Vaginal bleeding in early pregnancy, often caused by subchorionic hemorrhage, which may result in normal pregnancy or miscarriage.

Subchorionic Hemorrhage

Bleeding between the myometrium and the margins of the gestational sac; appears echogenic initially and becomes anechoic over time.

Blighted Ovum

A fertilized ovum that implants but does not grow into an embryo, resulting in an empty gestational sac.

MSD (Mean Sac Diameter)

A sonographic measurement used to assess early pregnancy viability; MSD ≥ 25 mm with no embryo suggests potential miscarriage.

Poor Decidual Reaction

A measurement of <2 mm thickness indicating inadequate response of the uterine lining, associated with miscarriage.

Miscarriage

Spontaneous loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks, often due to chromosomal abnormalities.

Symptoms of Miscarriage

Vaginal bleeding, cramping, and passage of tissue.

Threatened Miscarriage

Vaginal bleeding in pregnancy with a closed cervix and a live intrauterine pregnancy.

Inevitable Miscarriage

Open internal cervical os with bleeding; gestational sac is low in the uterus.

Incomplete Miscarriage

Expulsion of some but not all pregnancy tissue from the uterus.

Complete Miscarriage

All pregnancy tissue is expelled; the uterus appears empty on ultrasound.

Missed Miscarriage

Non-developing embryo remains in the uterus without symptoms like bleeding or cramping.

Ectopic Pregnancy

Implantation of the blastocyst outside the uterine cavity, most commonly in the Fallopian tube.

Symptoms of Ectopic Pregnancy

Amenorrhea, abdominal pain, and vaginal bleeding.

Sonographic Findings in Ectopic Pregnancy

Empty uterus with a thickened endometrium, pseudo gestational sac, and possibly an adnexal mass.

Cornual Ectopic Pregnancy

Ectopic pregnancy located in the interstitial portion of the Fallopian tube; high risk of hemorrhage.

Cervical Ectopic Pregnancy

Gestational sac implanted in the cervix, detectable by ultrasound.

Ovarian Ectopic Pregnancy

Gestational sac implanted within the ovary.

Abdominal Ectopic Pregnancy

Pregnancy located in the abdominal cavity, independent of the uterus.

Ruptured Ectopic Pregnancy

Severe complication involving the rupture of an ectopic pregnancy, requiring immediate medical intervention.

Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (GTD)

A spectrum of abnormal trophoblastic proliferation resulting from abnormal conception.

Hydatidiform Mole

Abnormal growth of cysts in the placenta with no evidence of fetal development.

Sonographic Findings of Hydatidiform Mole

Partial Mole

A form of hydatidiform mole caused by fertilization of one ovum by two sperm, sometimes with fetal development.

Coexistent Mole

Rare twin pregnancy where one twin is a hydatidiform mole and the other is a live fetus.

Invasive Mole (Chorioadenoma Destruens)

A locally invasive form of hydatidiform mole that penetrates the myometrium but does not metastasize.

Choriocarcinoma

Malignant form of GTD characterized by rapid myometrial invasion and potential metastasis.

Symptoms of Choriocarcinoma

Vaginal bleeding, abdominal pain, dyspnea, and neurologic issues.

Theca Lutein Cysts

Functional ovarian cysts associated with molar pregnancies, often bilateral and multilocular.

Embryonic Oligohydramnios

A gestational sac that is only 5 mm greater than the CRL, indicating possible embryonic demise.

Embryonic Growth Restriction

Slower-than-expected embryonic or gestational sac growth, potentially due to chromosomal abnormalities.