Complete Exam 1 Notes / Flashcards

HIST 102 Exam 1

Western Civilization

Refers to places perceived as more "civilized" or "First World countries" by many Global North countries, excluding Communist/authoritarian states.

Enlightenment

A period (1680-1715) influenced by the Scientific Revolution, where writers and scholars believed in applying critical thinking to all problems, primarily by White learned men.

John Locke

English philosopher (1690) who proposed a social contract between rulers and the ruled, emphasizing the protection of life, liberty, and property, with ultimate authority resting with the majority of male property owners.

Salons

Social gatherings hosted by women in the 18th century, where middling and upper-class men and women discussed social changes, politics, and philosophy, challenging preconceived notions of society.

Seven Years’ War

A conflict (1756-1763) involving large professional armies, marked by a reversal of alliances and the emergence of Prussia as a great power, based on the idea of uniting people of similar ethnicities, languages, and religions under one political unit.

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

A document issued during the French Revolution (1789) by the National Assembly, proclaiming equality, freedom of religion, press, and taxation, and questioning the exclusion of certain groups like Black people, Jews, and women.

Reign of Terror

A period (1793-1794) during the French Revolution led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, characterized by political reeducation, eradication of dissent, and the use of the guillotine to eliminate internal and external enemies of the Revolution.

Cult of the Supreme Being

An alternative religious movement during the French Revolution, aiming to replace Christianity, but failing to attract many followers, showcasing the commitment to overturning the old order.

Metric System

A system of measurement introduced during the French Revolution, along with a new Revolutionary calendar, as part of the cultural and societal changes implemented by the government.

Federalist Revolts

Rebellions against the French Revolution, where regions within France resisted the central government's authority, leading to conflicts and challenges to the revolutionary ideals.

Vendée Uprising

Peasants from the countryside join noble leadership to attack towns where the Revolution was firmly established

Society for Revolutionary Republican Women

Women express discontent and challenge the government, disbanded by the Committee of Public Safety

Thermidorian Reaction

The Fall of Robespierre and the end of the Reign of Terror, leading to new elections and a new constitution

Napoleonic Consulate

Napoleon establishes a new government system with himself as First Consul and centralized legislative power

Continental System

Napoleon's economic policy to isolate Great Britain by prohibiting trade between Britain and other European nations

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of European powers to restore traditional rulers and establish secure states with clear borders after Napoleon's defeat

Socialism

Ideology advocating for social ownership of property for the benefit of society, exemplified by Henri de Saint-Simon

Communism

Ideology advocating for common ownership of the means of production and elimination of social classes, as outlined in The Communist Manifesto by Marx and Engels

Industrialization

Period marked by innovations in work, involvement of the state, new materials, and the factory system, leading to social changes and urbanization

Revolutions of 1848

Series of uprisings across Europe due to factors like enclosure, economic depression, and political unrest, aiming for reforms and revolutions